a record of buddhistic kingdoms(·ð¶¼¼Ç¼)-µÚ17ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
we¡¡do¡¡not¡¡all¡¡die¡¡here£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡with¡¡these¡¡words¡¡he¡¡died¡££§3£§¡¡Fa¡hien¡¡stroked¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡corpse£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡cried¡¡¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡piteously£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Our¡¡¡¡¡¡original¡¡¡¡¡¡plan¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡failed£»it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡
fate¡££§4£§¡¡¡¡¡¡What¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡do£¿¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡¡¡then¡¡¡¡¡¡again¡¡¡¡¡¡exerted¡¡¡¡¡¡himself£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡
succeeded¡¡in¡¡crossing¡¡to¡¡the¡¡south¡¡of¡¡the¡¡range£»¡¡and¡¡arrived¡¡in¡¡the¡¡kingdom¡¡
of¡¡¡¡¡¡Lo¡e£»£§5£§¡¡¡¡¡¡where¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡nearly¡¡¡¡¡¡three¡¡¡¡¡¡thousand¡¡¡¡¡¡monks£»¡¡¡¡¡¡students¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
both¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡mahayana¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡hinayana¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Here¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡stayed¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡summer¡¡
retreat£»£§6£§¡¡and¡¡when¡¡that¡¡was¡¡over£»¡¡they¡¡went¡¡on¡¡to¡¡the¡¡south£»¡¡and¡¡ten¡¡days'¡¡
journey¡¡brought¡¡them¡¡to¡¡the¡¡kingdom¡¡of¡¡Poh¡na£»£§7£§¡¡where¡¡there¡¡are¡¡also¡¡
more¡¡than¡¡three¡¡thousand¡¡monks£»¡¡all¡¡students¡¡of¡¡the¡¡hinayana¡£¡¡Proceeding¡¡
from¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡place¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡three¡¡¡¡¡¡days£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡again¡¡¡¡¡¡crossed¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Indus£»¡¡¡¡¡¡where¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
country¡¡on¡¡each¡¡side¡¡was¡¡low¡¡and¡¡level¡££§8£§¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡62¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡63¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡NOTES¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§1£§¡¡These¡¡must¡¡have¡¡been¡¡Tao¡ching¡¡and¡¡Hwuy¡king¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§2£§¡¡Probably¡¡the¡¡Safeid¡¡Koh£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡the¡¡way¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Kohat¡¡pass¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§3£§¡¡All¡¡the¡¡texts¡¡have¡¡Kwuy¡king¡£¡¡See¡¡chapter¡¡xii£»¡¡note¡¡13¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§4£§¡¡A¡¡very¡¡natural¡¡exclamation£»¡¡but¡¡out¡¡of¡¡place¡¡and¡¡inconsistent¡¡from¡¡
the¡¡lips¡¡of¡¡Fa¡hien¡£¡¡The¡¡Chinese¡¡character¡¡£û¡££ý£»¡¡which¡¡he¡¡employed£»¡¡may¡¡be¡¡
rendered¡¡¡¡¡¡rightly¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨fate¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨destiny£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡fate¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡unintelligent¡£¡¡
The¡¡term¡¡implies¡¡a¡¡factor£»¡¡or¡¡fa¡tor£»¡¡and¡¡supposes¡¡the¡¡ordination¡¡of¡¡Heaven¡¡
or¡¡God¡£¡¡A¡¡Confucian¡¡idea¡¡for¡¡the¡¡moment¡¡overcame¡¡his¡¡Buddhism¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§5£§¡¡Lo¡e£»¡¡or¡¡Rohi£»¡¡is¡¡a¡¡name¡¡for¡¡Afghanistan£»¡¡but¡¡only¡¡a¡¡portion¡¡of¡¡it¡¡
can¡¡be¡¡here¡¡intended¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§6£§¡¡We¡¡are¡¡now¡¡therefore¡¡in¡¡404¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§7£§¡¡¡¡¡¡No¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡doubt¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡present¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡district¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Bannu£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Lieutenant¡¡¡
Governorship¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Punjab£»¡¡between¡¡32d¡¡10s¡¡and¡¡33d¡¡15s¡¡N¡£¡¡lat¡££»¡¡and¡¡70d¡¡
26s¡¡and¡¡72d¡¡E¡£¡¡lon¡£¡¡See¡¡Hunter's¡¡Gazetteer¡¡of¡¡India£»¡¡i£»¡¡p¡£¡¡393¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§8£§¡¡They¡¡had¡¡then¡¡crossed¡¡the¡¡Indus¡¡before¡£¡¡They¡¡had¡¡done¡¡so£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡
twice£»¡¡¡¡¡¡first£»¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡north¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡south£»¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡Skardo¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡east¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡it£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡second£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡
described¡¡in¡¡chapter¡¡vii¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡63¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡64¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CHAPTER¡¡XV¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡BHIDA¡£¡¡SYMPATHY¡¡OF¡¡MONKS¡¡WITH¡¡THE¡¡PILGRIMS¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡After¡¡they¡¡had¡¡crossed¡¡the¡¡river£»¡¡there¡¡was¡¡a¡¡country¡¡named¡¡Pe¡¡¡t'oo£»£§1£§¡¡
where¡¡Buddhism¡¡was¡¡very¡¡flourishing£»¡¡and¡¡£¨the¡¡monks£©¡¡studied¡¡both¡¡the¡¡
mahayana¡¡and¡¡hinayana¡£¡¡When¡¡they¡¡saw¡¡their¡¡fellow¡disciples¡¡from¡¡Ts'in¡¡
passing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡along£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡moved¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡pity¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡sympathy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
expressed¡¡themselves¡¡thus£º¡¡¡¨How¡¡is¡¡it¡¡that¡¡these¡¡men¡¡from¡¡a¡¡border¡land¡¡
should¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡learned¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡become¡¡¡¡¡¡monks£»£§2£§¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡come¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡sake¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡
doctrines¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡distance¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡search¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Law¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Buddha£¿¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡
supplied¡¡them¡¡with¡¡what¡¡they¡¡needed£»¡¡and¡¡treated¡¡them¡¡in¡¡accordance¡¡with¡¡
the¡¡rules¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Law¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡64¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡65¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡NOTES¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§1£§¡¡Bhida¡£¡¡Eitel¡¡says£»¡¡¡¨The¡¡present¡¡Punjab£»¡¨¡¡i¡£e¡£¡¡it¡¡was¡¡a¡¡portion¡¡of¡¡that¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§2£§¡¡¡¨To¡¡come¡¡forth¡¡from¡¡their¡¡families£»¡¨¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡to¡¡become¡¡celibates£»¡¡
and¡¡adopt¡¡the¡¡tonsure¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡65¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡66¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CHAPTER¡¡XVI¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ON¡¡TO¡¡¡¡MATHURA¡¡OR¡¡¡¡MUTTRA¡£¡¡CONDITION¡¡AND¡¡¡¡CUSTOMS¡¡
OF¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CENTRAL¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡INDIA£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡OF¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡MONKS£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡VIHARAS£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡AND¡¡
MONASTERIES¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡From¡¡this¡¡place¡¡they¡¡travelled¡¡south¡east£»¡¡passing¡¡by¡¡a¡¡succession¡¡of¡¡
very¡¡many¡¡monasteries£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡multitude¡¡of¡¡monks£»¡¡who¡¡might¡¡be¡¡counted¡¡
by¡¡myriads¡£¡¡After¡¡passing¡¡all¡¡these¡¡places£»¡¡they¡¡came¡¡to¡¡a¡¡country¡¡named¡¡
Ma¡t'aou¡lo¡££§1£§¡¡They¡¡still¡¡followed¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡the¡¡P'oo¡na£§2£§¡¡river£»¡¡on¡¡
the¡¡banks¡¡of¡¡which£»¡¡left¡¡and¡¡right£»¡¡there¡¡were¡¡twenty¡¡monasteries£»¡¡which¡¡
might¡¡contain¡¡three¡¡thousand¡¡monks£»¡¡and¡¡£¨here£©¡¡the¡¡Law¡¡of¡¡Buddha¡¡was¡¡
still¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡flourishing¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Everywhere£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Sandy¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Desert£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡the¡¡
countries¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡India£»¡¡¡¡the¡¡kings¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡firm¡¡¡¡believers¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡Law¡£¡¡When¡¡
they¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡offerings¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡community¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡monks£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡take¡¡¡¡¡¡off¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡
royal¡¡caps£»¡¡and¡¡along¡¡with¡¡their¡¡relatives¡¡and¡¡ministers£»¡¡supply¡¡them¡¡with¡¡
food¡¡with¡¡their¡¡own¡¡hands¡£¡¡That¡¡done£»¡¡£¨the¡¡king£©¡¡has¡¡a¡¡carpet¡¡spread¡¡for¡¡
himself¡¡on¡¡the¡¡ground£»¡¡and¡¡sits¡¡down¡¡in¡¡front¡¡of¡¡the¡¡chairman£»they¡¡dare¡¡
not¡¡¡¡¡¡presume¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡sit¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡couches¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡front¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡community¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡laws¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
ways£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡which¡¡the¡¡kings¡¡presented¡¡their¡¡offerings¡¡when¡¡Buddha¡¡
was¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world£»¡¡have¡¡been¡¡handed¡¡down¡¡to¡¡the¡¡present¡¡day¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡All¡¡¡¡¡¡south¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡named¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Middle¡¡¡¡¡¡Kingdom¡££§3£§¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡cold¡¡
and¡¡heat¡¡are¡¡finely¡¡tempered£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡is¡¡neither¡¡hoarfrost¡¡nor¡¡snow¡£¡¡The¡¡
people¡¡are¡¡numerous¡¡and¡¡happy£»¡¡they¡¡have¡¡not¡¡to¡¡register¡¡their¡¡households£»¡¡
or¡¡attend¡¡to¡¡any¡¡magistrates¡¡and¡¡their¡¡rules£»¡¡only¡¡those¡¡who¡¡cultivate¡¡the¡¡
royal¡¡land¡¡have¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡£¨a¡¡portion¡¡of£©¡¡the¡¡grain¡¡from¡¡it¡£¡¡If¡¡they¡¡want¡¡to¡¡go£»¡¡
they¡¡¡¡¡¡go£»¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡want¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡stay¡¡¡¡¡¡on£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡stay¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡king¡¡¡¡¡¡governs¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡
decapitation¡¡or¡¡£¨other£©¡¡corporal¡¡punishments¡£¡¡Criminals¡¡are¡¡simply¡¡fined£»¡¡
lightly¡¡or¡¡heavily£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡circumstances¡¡£¨of¡¡each¡¡case£©¡£¡¡Even¡¡in¡¡
cases¡¡of¡¡repeated¡¡attempts¡¡at¡¡wicked¡¡rebellion£»¡¡they¡¡only¡¡have¡¡their¡¡right¡¡
hands¡¡¡¡¡¡cut¡¡¡¡¡¡off¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡king's¡¡¡¡¡¡body¡guards¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡attendants¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡salaries¡£¡¡
Throughout¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡country¡¡the¡¡people¡¡do¡¡not¡¡kill¡¡any¡¡living¡¡creature£»¡¡
nor¡¡drink¡¡intoxicating¡¡liquor£»¡¡nor¡¡eat¡¡onions¡¡or¡¡garlic¡£¡¡The¡¡only¡¡exception¡¡
is¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Chandalas¡££§4£§¡¡That¡¡is¡¡the¡¡name¡¡for¡¡those¡¡who¡¡are¡¡£¨held¡¡to¡¡be£©¡¡
wicked¡¡men£»¡¡and¡¡live¡¡apart¡¡from¡¡others¡£¡¡When¡¡they¡¡enter¡¡the¡¡gate¡¡of¡¡a¡¡city¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡66¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡67¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡
or¡¡a¡¡market¡place£»¡¡they¡¡strike¡¡a¡¡piece¡¡of¡¡wood¡¡to¡¡make¡¡themselves¡¡known£»¡¡
so¡¡that¡¡men¡¡know¡¡and¡¡avoid¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡do¡¡not¡¡come¡¡into¡¡contact¡¡with¡¡them¡£¡¡
In¡¡that¡¡country¡¡they¡¡do¡¡not¡¡keep¡¡pigs¡¡and¡¡fowls£»¡¡and¡¡do¡¡not¡¡sell¡¡live¡¡cattle£»¡¡
in¡¡the¡¡markets¡¡there¡¡are¡¡no¡¡butchers'¡¡shops¡¡and¡¡no¡¡dealers¡¡in¡¡intoxicating¡¡
drink¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡buying¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡selling¡¡¡¡¡¡commodities¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡use¡¡¡¡¡¡cowries¡££§5£§¡¡¡¡¡¡Only¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
Chandalas¡¡are¡¡fishermen¡¡and¡¡hunters£»¡¡and¡¡sell¡¡flesh¡¡meat¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡After¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Buddha¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡attained¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡pari¡nirvana£»£§6£§¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡kings¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡various¡¡
countries¡¡and¡¡the¡¡heads¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Vaisyas£§7£§¡¡built¡¡viharas¡¡for¡¡the¡¡priests£»¡¡and¡¡
endowed¡¡them¡¡with¡¡fields£»¡¡houses£»¡¡gardens£»¡¡and¡¡orchards£»¡¡along¡¡with¡¡the¡¡
resident¡¡populations¡¡and¡¡their¡¡cattle£»¡¡the¡¡grants¡¡being¡¡engraved¡¡on¡¡plates¡¡of¡¡
metal£»£§8£§¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡afterwards¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡handed¡¡¡¡¡¡down¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡king¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡king£»¡¡
without¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡daring¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡annul¡¡¡¡¡¡them£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡remain¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡present¡¡
time¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡regular¡¡¡¡¡¡business¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡monks¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡perform¡¡¡¡acts¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡meritorious¡¡
virtue£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡recite¡¡their¡¡Sutras¡¡and¡¡sit¡¡wrapt¡¡in¡¡meditation¡£¡¡When¡¡stranger¡¡
monks¡¡arrive¡¡£¨at¡¡any¡¡monastery£©£»¡¡the¡¡old¡¡residents¡¡meet¡¡and¡¡receive¡¡them£»¡¡
carry¡¡for¡¡them¡¡their¡¡clothes¡¡and¡¡alms¡bowl£»¡¡give¡¡them¡¡water¡¡to¡¡wash¡¡their¡¡
feet£»¡¡oil¡¡with¡¡which¡¡to¡¡anoint¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡liquid¡¡food¡¡permitted¡¡out¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡regular¡¡¡¡¡¡hours¡££§9£§¡¡¡¡¡¡When¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨the¡¡¡¡¡¡stranger£©¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡enjoyed¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡brief¡¡¡¡¡¡rest£»¡¡
they¡¡further¡¡ask¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡years¡¡that¡¡he¡¡has¡¡been¡¡a¡¡monk£»¡¡after¡¡which¡¡
he¡¡receives¡¡a¡¡sleeping¡¡apartment¡¡with¡¡its¡¡appurtenances£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡his¡¡
regular¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡order£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡everything¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡done¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡rules¡¡
prescribe¡££§10£§¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Where¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡com