a record of buddhistic kingdoms(·ð¶¼¼Ç¼)-µÚ13ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
tope£»¡¡adorned¡¡with¡¡layers£§6£§¡¡of¡¡gold¡¡and¡¡silver¡¡plates¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡44¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡45¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡NOTES¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§1£§¡¡Buddhism¡¡stands¡¡for¡¡the¡¡two¡¡Chinese¡¡characters¡¡£û¡££ý¡¡£û¡££ý£»¡¡¡¨the¡¡Law¡¡
of¡¡¡¡¡¡Buddha£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡rendering¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡phrase£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡frequent¡¡
occurrence£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡general¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡adhere¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Buddhism¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡adequate¡¡
rendering¡¡of¡¡them¡¡any¡¡more¡¡than¡¡Christianity¡¡would¡¡be¡¡of¡¡£ûto¡¡euaggelion¡¡
Xristou£ý¡£¡¡The¡¡Fa¡¡or¡¡Law¡¡is¡¡the¡¡equivalent¡¡of¡¡dharma¡¡comprehending¡¡all¡¡in¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡Basket¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Buddhist¡¡¡¡¡¡teaching£»as¡¡¡¡¡¡Dr¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Davids¡¡¡¡¡¡says¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨Hibbert¡¡
Lectures£»¡¡p¡£¡¡44£©£»¡¡¡¨its¡¡ethics¡¡and¡¡philosophy£»¡¡and¡¡its¡¡system¡¡of¡¡self¡culture£»¡¨¡¡
with¡¡the¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡karma£»¡¡it¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡me£»¡¡especially¡¡underlying¡¡it¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡
been¡¡pointed¡¡out¡¡£¨Cunningham's¡¡¡¨Bhilsa¡¡Topes£»¡¨¡¡p¡£¡¡102£©¡¡that¡¡dharma¡¡is¡¡the¡¡
keystone¡¡of¡¡all¡¡king¡¡Priyadarsi¡¡or¡¡Asoka's¡¡edicts¡£¡¡The¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡them¡¡are¡¡
dedicated¡¡to¡¡the¡¡attainment¡¡of¡¡one¡¡object£»¡¡¡¨the¡¡advancement¡¡of¡¡dharma£»¡¡or¡¡
of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Law¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Buddha¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡His¡¡native¡¡¡¡¡¡Chinese¡¡¡¡¡¡afforded¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡better¡¡¡¡¡¡character¡¡
than¡¡£û¡££ý¡¡or¡¡Law£»¡¡by¡¡which¡¡our¡¡author¡¡could¡¡express¡¡concisely¡¡his¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡Buddhistic¡¡system£»¡¡as¡¡¡¨a¡¡law¡¡of¡¡life£»¡¨¡¡a¡¡directory¡¡or¡¡system¡¡of¡¡Rules£»¡¡
by¡¡which¡¡men¡¡could¡¡attain¡¡to¡¡the¡¡consummation¡¡of¡¡their¡¡being¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§2£§¡¡¡¡¡¡Sakra¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡common¡¡¡¡¡¡name¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Brahmanic¡¡¡¡¡¡Indra£»¡¡¡¡¡¡adopted¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡
Buddhism¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡circle¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡adherents£»it¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡said£»¡¡
¡¨because¡¡of¡¡his¡¡popularity¡£¡¨¡¡He¡¡is¡¡generally¡¡styled£»¡¡as¡¡here£»¡¡T'een¡¡Ti£»¡¡¡¨God¡¡
or¡¡Ruler¡¡of¡¡Devas¡£¡¨¡¡He¡¡is¡¡now¡¡the¡¡representative¡¡of¡¡the¡¡secular¡¡power£»¡¡the¡¡
valiant¡¡protector¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Buddhist¡¡¡¡¡¡body£»¡¡¡¡but¡¡is¡¡looked¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡inferior¡¡¡¡to¡¡
Sakyamuni£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡Buddhist¡¡¡¡¡¡saint¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡¡¡appears¡¡¡¡¡¡several¡¡¡¡¡¡times¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Fa¡¡¡
hien's¡¡narrative¡£¡¡E¡£¡¡H¡££»¡¡pp¡£¡¡108¡¡and¡¡46¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§3£§¡¡The¡¡Chinese¡¡character¡¡is¡¡£û¡££ý£»¡¡¡¨formerly£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡is¡¡often£»¡¡as¡¡in¡¡the¡¡first¡¡
sentence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡narrative£»¡¡simply¡¡equivalent¡¡to¡¡that¡¡adverb¡£¡¡At¡¡other¡¡times¡¡
it¡¡means£»¡¡as¡¡here£»¡¡¡¨in¡¡a¡¡former¡¡age£»¡¨¡¡some¡¡pre¡existent¡¡state¡¡in¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡
a¡¡former¡¡birth¡£¡¡The¡¡incident¡¡related¡¡is¡¡¡¨a¡¡Jataka¡¡story¡£¡¨¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§4£§¡¡It¡¡occurs¡¡at¡¡once¡¡to¡¡the¡¡translator¡¡to¡¡render¡¡the¡¡characters¡¡£û¡££ý¡¡£û¡££ý¡¡by¡¡
¡¨changed¡¡himself¡¡to¡£¡¨¡¡Such¡¡is¡¡often¡¡their¡¡meaning¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sequel£»¡¡but¡¡their¡¡
use¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡chapter¡¡¡¡¡¡xxiv¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡considered¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡crucial¡¡¡¡¡¡test¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡meaning¡¡
which¡¡I¡¡have¡¡given¡¡them¡¡here¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§5£§¡¡That¡¡is£»¡¡had¡¡become¡¡Buddha£»¡¡or¡¡completed¡¡his¡¡course¡¡£û¡££ý¡¡£û¡££ý¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§6£§¡¡This¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡contribution¡¡of¡¡£û¡££ý¡¡£¨or¡¡£û¡££ý£©£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡force¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡45¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡46¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡
binomial¡¡£û¡££ý¡¡£û¡££ý£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡continually¡¡occurring¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡46¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡47¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CHAPTER¡¡X¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡GANDHARA¡£¡¡LEGENDS¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHA¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡travellers£»¡¡¡¡¡¡going¡¡¡¡¡¡downwards¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡towards¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡east£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡five¡¡
days¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡came¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡country¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Gandhara£»£§1£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡place¡¡¡¡where¡¡¡¡¡¡Dharma¡¡¡
vivardhana£»£§2£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡son¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Asoka£»£§3£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ruled¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Buddha¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
Bodhisattva£»¡¡he¡¡gave¡¡his¡¡eyes¡¡also¡¡for¡¡another¡¡man¡¡here£»£§4£§¡¡and¡¡at¡¡the¡¡spot¡¡
they¡¡have¡¡also¡¡reared¡¡a¡¡large¡¡tope£»¡¡adorned¡¡with¡¡layers¡¡of¡¡gold¡¡and¡¡silver¡¡
plates¡£¡¡The¡¡people¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡¡were¡¡mostly¡¡students¡¡of¡¡the¡¡hinayana¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡47¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡48¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡NOTES¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§1£§¡¡Eitel¡¡says¡¡¡¨an¡¡ancient¡¡kingdom£»¡¡corresponding¡¡to¡¡the¡¡region¡¡about¡¡
Dheri¡¡and¡¡Banjour¡£¡¨¡¡But¡¡see¡¡note¡¡5¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§2£§¡¡Dharma¡vivardhana¡¡is¡¡the¡¡name¡¡in¡¡Sanskrit£»¡¡represented¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Fa¡¡
Yi¡¡£û¡££ý¡¡£û¡££ý¡¡of¡¡the¡¡text¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§3£§¡¡Asoka¡¡is¡¡here¡¡mentioned¡¡for¡¡the¡¡first¡¡time£»the¡¡Constantine¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
Buddhist¡¡society£»¡¡and¡¡famous¡¡for¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡viharas¡¡and¡¡topes¡¡which¡¡
he¡¡¡¡¡¡erected¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡grandson¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Chandragupta¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨i¡£q¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Sandracottus£©£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
rude¡¡adventurer£»¡¡who¡¡at¡¡one¡¡time¡¡was¡¡a¡¡refugee¡¡in¡¡the¡¡camp¡¡of¡¡Alexander¡¡
the¡¡Great£»¡¡and¡¡within¡¡about¡¡twenty¡¡years¡¡afterwards¡¡drove¡¡the¡¡Greeks¡¡out¡¡
of¡¡India£»¡¡having¡¡defeated¡¡Seleucus£»¡¡the¡¡Greek¡¡ruler¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Indus¡¡provinces¡£¡¡
He¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡himself¡¡¡¡¡¡king¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Magadha¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡His¡¡¡¡¡¡grandson¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡
converted¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Buddhism¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡bold¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡patient¡¡¡¡¡¡demeanour¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡Arhat¡¡
whom¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡ordered¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡buried¡¡¡¡¡¡alive£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡became¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡zealous¡¡
supporter¡¡of¡¡the¡¡new¡¡faith¡£¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Rhys¡¡Davids¡¡£¨Sacred¡¡Books¡¡of¡¡the¡¡East£»¡¡vol¡£¡¡
xi£»¡¡¡¡¡¡p¡£¡¡¡¡xlvi£©¡¡¡¡says¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¨Asoka's¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡coronation¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡fixed¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡absolute¡¡
certainty¡¡within¡¡a¡¡year¡¡or¡¡two¡¡either¡¡way¡¡of¡¡267¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¨¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§4£§¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡Jataka¡¡¡¡¡¡story£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡Eitel¡¡¡¡¡¡thinks¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡myth£»¡¡
constructed¡¡from¡¡the¡¡story¡¡of¡¡the¡¡blinding¡¡of¡¡Dharma¡vivardhana¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡48¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡49¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CHAPTER¡¡XI¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡TAKSHASILA¡£¡¡LEGENDS¡£¡¡THE¡¡FOUR¡¡GREAT¡¡TOPES¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Seven¡¡days'¡¡journey¡¡from¡¡this¡¡to¡¡the¡¡east¡¡brought¡¡the¡¡travellers¡¡to¡¡the¡¡
kingdom¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Takshasila£»£§1£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡means¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨the¡¡¡¡severed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡head¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡
language¡¡of¡¡China¡£¡¡Here£»¡¡when¡¡Buddha¡¡was¡¡a¡¡Bodhisattva£»¡¡he¡¡gave¡¡away¡¡
his¡¡¡¡¡¡head¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡man£»£§2£§¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡circumstance¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡kingdom¡¡¡¡¡¡got¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡
name¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Going¡¡on¡¡further¡¡for¡¡two¡¡days¡¡to¡¡the¡¡east£»¡¡they¡¡came¡¡to¡¡the¡¡place¡¡where¡¡
the¡¡Bodhisattva¡¡threw¡¡down¡¡his¡¡body¡¡to¡¡feed¡¡a¡¡starving¡¡tigress¡££§2£§¡¡In¡¡these¡¡
two¡¡places¡¡also¡¡large¡¡topes¡¡have¡¡been¡¡built£»¡¡both¡¡adorned¡¡with¡¡layers¡¡of¡¡all¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡precious¡¡¡¡¡¡substances¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡kings£»¡¡¡¡¡¡ministers£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡peoples¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡
kingdoms¡¡around¡¡vie¡¡with¡¡one¡¡another¡¡in¡¡making¡¡offerings¡¡at¡¡them¡£¡¡The¡¡
trains¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡come¡¡to¡¡scatter¡¡flowers¡¡and¡¡light¡¡lamps¡¡at¡¡them¡¡never¡¡
cease¡£¡¡The¡¡nations¡¡of¡¡those¡¡quarters¡¡all¡¡those¡¡£¨and¡¡the¡¡other¡¡two¡¡mentioned¡¡
before£©¡¡¡¨the¡¡four¡¡great¡¡topes¡£¡¨¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡49¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡50¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡NOTES¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§1£§¡¡¡¡¡¡See¡¡¡¡¡¡Julien's¡¡¡¡¡¨Methode¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡pour¡¡¡¡¡¡dechiffrer¡¡¡¡¡¡et¡¡¡¡transcrire¡¡¡¡¡¡les¡¡¡¡Nomes¡¡
Sanscrits£»¡¨¡¡p¡£¡¡206¡£¡¡Eitel¡¡says£»¡¡¡¨The¡¡Taxila¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Greeks£»¡¡the¡¡region¡¡near¡¡
Hoosun¡¡Abdaul¡¡in¡¡lat¡£¡¡35d¡¡48s¡¡N¡££»¡¡lon¡£¡¡72d¡¡44s¡¡E¡£¡¡But¡¡this¡¡identification£»¡¡I¡¡
am¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡satisfied£»¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡wrong¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Cunningham£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡indeed£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡takes¡¡¡¡¡¡credit¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨¡¨Ancient¡¡
Geography¡¡of¡¡India£»¡¨¡¡pp¡£¡¡108£»¡¡109£©¡¡for¡¡determining¡¡this¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡site¡¡of¡¡
Arrian's¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Taxila£»in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡upper¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Punjab£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡still¡¡¡¡existing¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡ruins¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
Shahdheri£»¡¡between¡¡the¡¡Indus¡¡and¡¡Hydaspes¡¡£¨the¡¡modern¡¡Jhelum£©¡£¡¡So¡¡far¡¡
he¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡correct£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Takshasila¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Fa¡hien¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡other£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡
western¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Indus£»¡¡and¡¡between¡¡the¡¡river¡¡and¡¡Gandhara¡£¡¡It¡¡took¡¡him£»¡¡
indeed£»¡¡seven¡¡days¡¡¡¡¡¡travelling¡¡eastwards¡¡to¡¡reach¡¡it£»¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡do¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡
what¡¡¡¡¡¡stoppages¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡wary¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡
reckoning¡¡distances¡¡from¡¡his¡¡specifications¡¡of¡¡days¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§2£§¡¡Two¡¡Jataka¡¡stories¡£¡¡See¡¡the¡¡account¡¡of¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡in¡¡Spence¡¡Hardy's¡¡
¡¨Manual¡¡of¡¡Buddhism£»¡¨¡¡pp¡£¡¡91£»¡¡92¡£¡¡It¡¡took¡¡place¡¡when¡¡Buddha¡¡had¡¡been¡¡
born¡¡as¡¡a¡¡Brahman¡¡in¡¡the¡¡village¡¡of¡¡Daliddi£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡the¡¡merit¡¡of¡¡the¡¡act£»¡¡
he¡¡was¡¡next¡¡born¡¡in¡¡a¡¡devaloka¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡50¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡51¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CHAPTER¡¡XII¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PURUSHAPURA£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡OR¡¡¡¡¡¡PESHAWUR¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPHECY¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ABOUT¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡KING¡¡
KANISHKA¡¡AND¡¡HIS¡¡TOPE¡£¡¡B