±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > a record of buddhistic kingdoms(·ð¶¼¼Ç¼) >

µÚ1ÕÂ

a record of buddhistic kingdoms(·ð¶¼¼Ç¼)-µÚ1ÕÂ

С˵£º a record of buddhistic kingdoms(·ð¶¼¼Ç¼) ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡



Translated¡¡and¡¡annotated¡¡with¡¡a¡¡Corean¡¡recension¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Chinese¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡text¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡BY¡¡JAMES¡¡LEGGE¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡2¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PREFACE¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Several¡¡times¡¡during¡¡my¡¡long¡¡residence¡¡in¡¡Hong¡¡Kong¡¡I¡¡endeavoured¡¡

to¡¡read¡¡through¡¡the¡¡¡¨Narrative¡¡of¡¡Fa¡­hien£»¡¨¡¡but¡¡though¡¡interested¡¡with¡¡the¡¡

graphic¡¡details¡¡of¡¡much¡¡of¡¡the¡¡work£»¡¡its¡¡columns¡¡bristled¡¡so¡¡constantly¡¡

now¡¡with¡¡his¡¡phonetic¡¡representations¡¡of¡¡Sanskrit¡¡words£»¡¡and¡¡now¡¡with¡¡his¡¡

substitution¡¡for¡¡them¡¡of¡¡their¡¡meanings¡¡in¡¡Chinese¡¡characters£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡was£»¡¡

moreover£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡occupied¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡my¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡special¡¡¡¡¡¡labours¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Confucian¡¡Classics£»¡¡that¡¡my¡¡success¡¡was¡¡far¡¡from¡¡satisfactory¡£¡¡When¡¡Dr¡£¡¡

Eitel's¡¡¡¨Handbook¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Student¡¡of¡¡Chinese¡¡Buddhism¡¨¡¡appeared¡¡in¡¡1870£»¡¡

the¡¡difficulty¡¡occasioned¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Sanskrit¡¡words¡¡and¡¡names¡¡was¡¡removed£»¡¡

but¡¡the¡¡other¡¡difficulty¡¡remained£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡was¡¡not¡¡able¡¡to¡¡look¡¡into¡¡the¡¡book¡¡

again¡¡for¡¡several¡¡years¡£¡¡Nor¡¡had¡¡I¡¡much¡¡inducement¡¡to¡¡do¡¡so¡¡in¡¡the¡¡two¡¡

copies¡¡of¡¡it¡¡which¡¡I¡¡had¡¡been¡¡able¡¡to¡¡procure£»¡¡on¡¡poor¡¡paper£»¡¡and¡¡printed¡¡

from¡¡blocks¡¡badly¡¡cut¡¡at¡¡first£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡worn¡¡with¡¡use¡¡as¡¡to¡¡yield¡¡books¡¡the¡¡

reverse¡¡of¡¡attractive¡¡in¡¡their¡¡appearance¡¡to¡¡the¡¡student¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡meantime¡¡I¡¡kept¡¡studying¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡of¡¡Buddhism¡¡from¡¡various¡¡

sources£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡1878¡¡began¡¡to¡¡lecture£»¡¡here¡¡in¡¡Oxford£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Travels¡¡with¡¡

my¡¡¡¡¡¡Davis¡¡¡¡¡¡Chinese¡¡¡¡¡¡scholar£»¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡Boden¡¡¡¡¡¡Sanskrit¡¡

scholar¡£¡¡As¡¡we¡¡went¡¡on£»¡¡I¡¡wrote¡¡out¡¡a¡¡translation¡¡in¡¡English¡¡for¡¡my¡¡own¡¡

satisfaction¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡nearly¡¡¡¡¡¡half¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡narrative¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡beginning¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡last¡¡¡¡¡¡year¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡

made¡¡Fa¡­hien¡¡again¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡of¡¡lecture£»¡¡wrote¡¡out¡¡a¡¡second¡¡translation£»¡¡

independent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡former£»¡¡and¡¡pushed¡¡on¡¡till¡¡I¡¡had¡¡completed¡¡the¡¡whole¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡want¡¡of¡¡a¡¡good¡¡and¡¡clear¡¡text¡¡had¡¡been¡¡supplied¡¡by¡¡my¡¡friend£»¡¡Mr¡£¡¡

Bunyiu¡¡Nanjio£»¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡sent¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡me¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡Japan¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡copy£»¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡text¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡

appended¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡translation¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡notes£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡nature¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡

account¡¡is¡¡given¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Introduction£»¡¡and¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡this¡¡Preface¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡present¡¡work¡¡consists¡¡of¡¡three¡¡parts£º¡¡the¡¡Translation¡¡of¡¡Fa¡­hien's¡¡

Narrative¡¡of¡¡his¡¡Travels£»¡¡copious¡¡Notes£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Chinese¡¡Text¡¡of¡¡my¡¡copy¡¡

from¡¡Japan¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Translation¡¡that¡¡I¡¡hold¡¡myself¡¡more¡¡especially¡¡responsible¡£¡¡

Portions¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡written¡¡¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡three¡¡¡¡¡¡times£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡twice¡£¡¡

While¡¡¡¡¡¡preparing¡¡¡¡¡¡my¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡¡¡¡¡¡version¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡frequent¡¡¡¡¡¡reference¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡previous¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡2¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡3¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡



translations£ºthose¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡M¡£¡¡¡¡Abel¡¡¡¡¡¡Remusat£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Revu£»¡¡¡¡¡¡complete£»¡¡¡¡¡¡et¡¡¡¡¡¡augmente¡¡

d'eclaircissements¡¡nouveaux¡¡par¡¡MM¡£¡¡Klaproth¡¡et¡¡Landress¡¨¡¡£¨Paris£»¡¡1836£©£»¡¡

of¡¡the¡¡Rev¡£¡¡Samuel¡¡Beal¡¡£¨London£»¡¡1869£©£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡revision¡¡of¡¡it£»¡¡prefixed¡¡to¡¡

his¡¡¡¨Buddhist¡¡Records¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Western¡¡World¡¨¡¡£¨Trubner's¡¡Oriental¡¡Series£»¡¡

1884£©£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Herbert¡¡A¡£¡¡Giles£»¡¡of¡¡H¡£M¡£'s¡¡Consular¡¡Service¡¡in¡¡China¡¡

£¨1877£©¡£¡¡¡¡To¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡add¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡series¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡articles¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Fa¡­hsien¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡

English¡¡Translators£»¡¨¡¡by¡¡Mr¡£¡¡T¡£¡¡Watters£»¡¡British¡¡Consul¡¡at¡¡I¡­Chang¡¡£¨China¡¡

Review£»¡¡¡¡1879£»¡¡¡¡1880£©¡£¡¡Those¡¡¡¡¡¡articles¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡highest¡¡¡¡¡¡value£»¡¡¡¡¡¡displaying¡¡

accuracy¡¡of¡¡Chinese¡¡scholarship¡¡and¡¡an¡¡extensive¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡Buddhism¡£¡¡

I¡¡have¡¡regretted¡¡that¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Watters£»¡¡while¡¡reviewing¡¡others£»¡¡did¡¡not¡¡himself¡¡

write¡¡out¡¡and¡¡publish¡¡a¡¡version¡¡of¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡Fa¡­hien's¡¡narrative¡£¡¡If¡¡he¡¡

had¡¡done¡¡so£»¡¡I¡¡should¡¡probably¡¡have¡¡thought¡¡that£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡whole£»¡¡nothing¡¡

more¡¡remained¡¡to¡¡be¡¡done¡¡for¡¡the¡¡distinguished¡¡Chinese¡¡pilgrim¡¡in¡¡the¡¡way¡¡

of¡¡translation¡£¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Watters¡¡had¡¡to¡¡judge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡comparative¡¡merits¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

versions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Beal¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Giles£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡pronounce¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡points¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

contention¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡endeavoured¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡eschew¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡matters£»¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡seldom¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡remarks¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡critical¡¡¡¡nature¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡defence¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

renderings¡¡of¡¡my¡¡own¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Chinese¡¡narrative¡¡runs¡¡on¡¡without¡¡any¡¡break¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡Klaproth¡¡who¡¡

divided¡¡Remusat's¡¡translation¡¡into¡¡forty¡¡chapters¡£¡¡The¡¡division¡¡is¡¡helpful¡¡to¡¡

the¡¡reader£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡have¡¡followed¡¡it¡¡excepting¡¡in¡¡three¡¡or¡¡four¡¡instances¡£¡¡In¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡reprinted¡¡¡¡¡¡Chinese¡¡¡¡¡¡text¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡chapters¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡separated¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡circle¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

column¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡transliterating¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡names¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Chinese¡¡¡¡¡¡characters¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡generally¡¡

followed¡¡the¡¡spelling¡¡of¡¡Morrison¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡the¡¡Pekinese£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡now¡¡

in¡¡¡¡¡¡vogue¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡¡¡¡¡cannot¡¡¡¡¡¡tell¡¡¡¡¡¡exactly¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡pronunciation¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡was£»¡¡

about¡¡fifteen¡¡hundred¡¡years¡¡ago£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡Fa¡­hien£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡southern¡¡

mandarin¡¡must¡¡be¡¡a¡¡shade¡¡nearer¡¡to¡¡it¡¡than¡¡that¡¡of¡¡Peking¡¡at¡¡the¡¡present¡¡

day¡£¡¡In¡¡transliterating¡¡the¡¡Indian¡¡names¡¡I¡¡have¡¡for¡¡the¡¡most¡¡part¡¡followed¡¡

Dr¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Eitel£»¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡modification¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡seemed¡¡¡¡¡¡good¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡harmony¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡

growing¡¡usage¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡the¡¡Notes¡¡I¡¡can¡¡do¡¡little¡¡more¡¡than¡¡claim¡¡the¡¡merit¡¡of¡¡selection¡¡and¡¡

condensation¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡My¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡object¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡explain¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡text¡¡

required¡¡explanation¡¡to¡¡an¡¡English¡¡reader¡£¡¡All¡¡Chinese¡¡texts£»¡¡and¡¡Buddhist¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡3¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡4¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡



texts¡¡especially£»¡¡are¡¡new¡¡to¡¡foreign¡¡students¡£¡¡One¡¡has¡¡to¡¡do¡¡for¡¡them¡¡what¡¡

many¡¡hundreds¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ablest¡¡scholars¡¡in¡¡Europe¡¡have¡¡done¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Greek¡¡

and¡¡Latin¡¡Classics¡¡during¡¡several¡¡hundred¡¡years£»¡¡and¡¡what¡¡the¡¡thousands¡¡

of¡¡critics¡¡and¡¡commentators¡¡have¡¡been¡¡doing¡¡of¡¡our¡¡Sacred¡¡Scriptures¡¡for¡¡

nearly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡eighteen¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡centuries¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡few¡¡¡¡¡¡predecessors¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡field¡¡¡¡of¡¡

Chinese¡¡literature¡¡into¡¡whose¡¡labours¡¡translators¡¡of¡¡the¡¡present¡¡century¡¡can¡¡

enter¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡received£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡hope£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡sufficient¡¡¡¡¡¡apology¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡the¡¡

minuteness¡¡and¡¡length¡¡of¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡notes¡£¡¡A¡¡second¡¡object¡¡in¡¡them¡¡was¡¡

to¡¡¡¡¡¡teach¡¡¡¡¡¡myself¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡first£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡then¡¡¡¡¡¡others£»¡¡¡¡¡¡something¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡history¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

doctrines¡¡of¡¡Buddhism¡£¡¡I¡¡have¡¡thought¡¡that¡¡they¡¡might¡¡be¡¡learned¡¡better¡¡in¡¡

connexion¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡lively¡¡¡¡¡¡narrative¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Fa¡­hien¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡reading¡¡

didactic¡¡¡¡¡¡descriptions¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡argumentative¡¡¡¡¡¡books¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Such¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡my¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡¡

experience¡£¡¡The¡¡books¡¡which¡¡I¡¡have¡¡consulted¡¡for¡¡these¡¡notes¡¡have¡¡been¡¡

many£»¡¡¡¡¡¡besides¡¡¡¡¡¡Chinese¡¡¡¡¡¡works¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡My¡¡¡¡¡¡principal¡¡¡¡¡¡help¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡full¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

masterly¡¡¡¡¡¡handbook¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Eitel£»¡¡¡¡¡¡mentioned¡¡¡¡¡¡already£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡often¡¡¡¡¡¡referred¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡

E¡£H¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Spence¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Hardy's¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Eastern¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Monachism¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨E¡£M¡££©¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Manual¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

Buddhism¡¨¡¡£¨M¡£B¡££©¡¡have¡¡been¡¡constantly¡¡in¡¡hand£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡Rhys¡¡Davids'¡¡

Buddhism£»¡¡published¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Society¡¡for¡¡Promoting¡¡Christian¡¡Knowledge£»¡¡

his¡¡Hibbert¡¡Lectures£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡Buddhist¡¡Suttas¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Sacred¡¡Books¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

East£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡writings¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡need¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡mention¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡authorities£»¡¡¡¡¡¡having¡¡

endeavoured¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡always¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡specify¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡where¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡use¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡My¡¡

proximity¡¡and¡¡access¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Bodleian¡¡Library¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Indian¡¡Institute¡¡have¡¡

been¡¡of¡¡great¡¡advantage¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡may¡¡be¡¡allowed¡¡to¡¡say¡¡that£»¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡my¡¡own¡¡study¡¡of¡¡it¡¡has¡¡gone£»¡¡I¡¡

think¡¡there¡¡are¡¡many¡¡things¡¡in¡¡the¡¡vast¡¡field¡¡of¡¡Buddhist¡¡literature¡¡which¡¡

still¡¡require¡¡to¡¡be¡¡carefully¡¡handled¡£¡¡How¡¡far£»¡¡for¡¡instance£»¡¡are¡¡we¡¡entitled¡¡

to¡¡regard¡¡the¡¡present¡¡Sutras¡¡as¡¡genuine¡¡and¡¡sufficiently¡¡accurate¡¡copies¡¡of¡¡

those¡¡which¡¡were¡¡accepted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Councils¡¡before¡¡our¡¡Christian¡¡era£¿¡¡Can¡¡

anything¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡done¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡trace¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡rise¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡legends¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡mar

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ