the athenian constitution-第7章

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　some　by　service　in　the　army；　others　in　the　garrisons；　　others　by　taking　a　part　in　public　affairs；　and　in　this　way　they　would　　secure　the　leadership。　This　advice　was　taken；　and　when　the　people　had　　assumed　the　supreme　control　they　proceeded　to　treat　their　allies　in　a　more　imperious　fashion；　with　the　exception　of　the　Chians；　Lesbians；　and　Samians。　These　they　maintained　to　protect　their　empire；　leaving　their　constitutions　untouched；　and　allowing　them　to　retain　whatever　dominion　they　then　possessed。　They　also　secured　an　ample　maintenance　for　the　mass　of　the　population　in　the　way　which　Aristides　had　pointed　out　to　them。　Out　of　the　proceeds　of　the　tributes　and　　the　taxes　and　the　contributions　of　the　allies　more　than　twenty　thousand　persons　were　maintained。　There　were　6；000　jurymen；　1；600　　bowmen；　1；200　Knights；　500　members　of　the　Council；　500　guards　of　the　dockyards；　besides　fifty　guards　in　the　Acropolis。　There　were　some　700　　magistrates　at　home；　and　some　700　abroad。　Further；　when　they　subsequently　went　to　war；　there　were　in　addition　2；500　heavy…armed　troops；　twenty　guard…ships；　and　other　ships　which　collected　the　tributes；　with　crews　amounting　to　2；000　men；　selected　by　lot；　and　besides　　these　there　were　the　persons　maintained　at　the　Prytaneum；　and　orphans；　and　gaolers；　since　all　these　were　supported　by　the　state。

Part　25

　　Such　was　the　way　in　which　the　people　earned　their　livelihood。　The　supremacy　of　the　Areopagus　lasted　for　about　seventeen　years　after　the　Persian　wars；　although　gradually　declining。　But　as　the　　strength　of　the　masses　increased；　Ephialtes；　son　of　Sophonides；　a　man　with　a　reputation　for　incorruptibility　and　public　virtue；　who　had　become　the　leader　of　the　people；　made　an　attack　upon　that　Council。　First　of　all　he　ruined　many　of　its　members　by　bringing　actions　against　them　with　reference　to　their　administration。　Then；　in　the　archonship　of　Conon；　he　stripped　the　Council　of　all　the　acquired　prerogatives　from　which　it　derived　its　guardianship　of　the　constitution；　and　assigned　some　of　them　to　the　Council　of　Five　Hundred；　and　others　to　the　Assembly　and　the　law…courts。　In　this　revolution　he　was　assisted　by　Themistocles；　who　was　himself　a　member　of　the　Areopagus；　but　was　expecting　to　be　tried　before　it　on　a　charge　of　treasonable　dealings　with　Persia。　This　made　him　anxious　that　it　should　be　overthrown；　and　accordingly　he　warned　Ephialtes　that　the　Council　intended　to　arrest　him；　while　at　the　same　time　he　informed　the　Areopagites　that　he　would　reveal　to　them　certain　persons　who　were　conspiring　to　subvert　the　constitution。　He　then　conducted　the　representatives　delegated　by　the　Council　to　the　residence　of　Ephialtes；　promising　to　show　them　the　conspirators　who　assembled　there；　and　proceeded　to　converse　with　them　in　an　earnest　manner。　Ephialtes；　seeing　this；　was　seized　with　alarm　and　took　refuge　in　suppliant　guise　at　the　altar。　Every　one　was　astounded　at　the　occurrence；　and　presently；　when　the　Council　of　Five　Hundred　met；　Ephialtes　and　Themistocles　together　proceeded　　to　denounce　the　Areopagus　to　them。　This　they　repeated　in　similar　fashion　in　the　Assembly；　until　they　succeeded　in　depriving　it　of　its　power。　Not　long　afterwards；　however；　Ephialtes　was　assassinated　by　　Aristodicus　of　Tanagra。　In　this　way　was　the　Council　of　Areopagus　deprived　of　its　guardianship　of　the　state。

Part　26

　　After　this　revolution　the　administration　of　the　state　became　more　and　more　lax；　in　consequence　of　the　eager　rivalry　of　candidates　for　popular　favour。　During　this　period　the　moderate　party；　as　it　　happened；　had　no　real　chief；　their　leader　being　Cimon　son　of　Miltiades；　who　was　a　comparatively　young　man；　and　had　been　late　in　entering　public　life；　and　at　the　same　time　the　general　populace　suffered　great　losses　by　war。　The　soldiers　for　active　service　were　selected　at　that　time　from　the　roll　of　citizens；　and　as　the　generals　were　men　of　no　military　experience；　who　owed　their　position　solely　to　their　family　standing；　it　continually　happened　that　some　two　or　three　thousand　of　the　troops　perished　on　an　expedition；　and　in　this　way　the　best　men　alike　of　the　lower　and　the　upper　classes　were　exhausted。　Consequently　in　most　matters　of　administration　less　heed　was　paid　to　the　laws　than　had　formerly　been　the　case。　No　alteration；　however；　was　made　in　the　method　of　election　of　the　nine　Archons；　except　that　five　years　after　the　death　of　Ephialtes　it　was　decided　that　the　candidates　to　be　submitted　to　the　lot　for　that　office　might　be　selected　from　the　Zeugitae　as　well　as　from　the　higher　classes。　The　first　Archon　from　that　class　was　Mnesitheides。　Up　to　this　　time　all　the　Archons　had　been　taken　from　the　Pentacosiomedimni　and　Knights；　while　the　Zeugitae　were　confined　to　the　ordinary　magistracies；　　save　where　an　evasion　of　the　law　was　overlooked。　Four　years　later；　in　the　　archonship　of　Lysicrates；　thirty　'local　justices'；　as　they　as　they　were　called；　were　re…established；　and　two　years　afterwards；　in　the　archonship　of　Antidotus；　consequence　of　the　great　increase　in　the　number　of　citizens；　it　was　resolved；　on　the　motion　of　Pericles；　that　no　one　should　admitted　to　the　franchise　who　was　not　of　citizen　birth　by　both　parents。

Part　27

　　After　this　Pericles　came　forward　as　popular　leader；　having　first　distinguished　himself　while　still　a　young　man　by　prosecuting　Cimon　on　the　audit　of　his　official　accounts　as　general。　Under　his　auspices　the　constitution　became　still　more　democratic。　He　took　away　some　of　the　privileges　of　the　Areopagus；　and；　above　all；　he　turned　the　policy　of　the　state　in　the　direction　of　sea　power；　which　caused　the　masses　to　acquire　confidence　in　themselves　and　consequently　to　take　the　conduct　of　affairs　more　and　more　into　their　own　hands。　Moreover；　forty…eight　years　after　the　battle　of　Salamis；　in　the　archonship　of　Pythodorus；　the　Peloponnesian　war　broke　out；　during　which　　the　populace　was　shut　up　in　the　city　and　became　accustomed　to　gain　its　livelihood　by　military　service；　and　so；　partly　voluntarily　and　partly　involuntarily；　determined　to　assume　the　administration　of　the　state　itself。　Pericles　was　also　the　first　to　institute　pay　for　service　in　the　law…courts；　as　a　bid　for　popular　favour　to　counterbalance　the　wealth　of　Cimon。　The　latter；　having　private　possessions　on　a　regal　scale；　not　only　performed　the　regular　public　services　magnificently；　but　also　maintained　a　large　number　of　his　fellow…demesmen。　Any　member　of　the　deme　of　Laciadae　could　go　every　day　to　Cimon's　　house　and　there　receive　a　reasonable　provision；　while　his　estate　was　guarded　by　no　fences；　so　that　any　one　who　liked　might　help　himself　to　the　fruit　from　it。　Pericles'　private　property　was　quite　unequal　to　this　magnificence　and　accordingly　he　took　the　advice　of　Damonides　of　Oia　（who　was　commonly　supposed　to　be　the　person　who　prompted　Pericles　in　most　of　his　measures；　and　was　therefore　subsequently　ostracized）；　which　was　that；　as　he　was　beaten　in　the　matter　of　private　　possessions；　he　should　make　gifts　to　the　people　from　their　own　property；　and　accordingly　he　instituted　pay　for　the　members　of　the　juries。　Some　critics　accuse　him　of　thereby　causing　a　deterioration　in　the　　character　of　the　juries；　since　it　was　always　the　common　people　who　put　themselves　forward　for　selection　as　jurors；　rather　than　the　men　of　better　position。　Moreover；　bribery　came　into　existence　after　　this；　the　first　person　to　introduce　it　being　Anytus；　after　his　command　　at　Pylos。　He　was　prosecuted　by　certain　individuals　on　account　of　his　loss　of　Pylos；　but　escaped　by　bribing　the　jury。

Part　28

　　So　long；　however；　as　Pericles　was　leader　of　the　people；　things　went　tolerably　well　with　the　state；　but　when　he　was　dead　there　was　a　great　change　for　the　worse。　Then　for　the　first　time　did　the　people　choose　a　leader　who　was　of　no　reputation　among　men　of　good　standing；　whereas　up　to　this　time　such　men　had　always　been　found　as　leaders　of　the　democracy。　The　first　leader　of　the　people；　in　the　very　beginning　of　things；　was　Solon；　and　the　second　was　Pisistratus；　both　　of　them　men　of　birth　and　position。　After　the　overthrow　of　the　tyrants　there　was　Cleisthenes；　a　member　of　the　house　of　the　Alcmeonidae；　and　he　had　no　rival　opposed　to　him　after　the　expulsion　of　the　party　of　Isagoras。　After　this　Xanthippus　was　the　leader　of　the　people；　and　Miltiades　of