the athenian constitution-第6章

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　　Pour　a　health　yet　again；　boy；　to　Cedon；　forget　not　this　duty　to　do；　　　If　a　health　is　an　honour　befitting　the　name　of　a　good　man　and　true。

Part　21

　　The　people；　therefore；　had　good　reason　to　place　confidence　in　Cleisthenes。　Accordingly；　now　that　he　was　the　popular　leader；　three　years　after　the　expulsion　of　the　tyrants；　in　the　archonship　of　Isagoras；　his　first　step　was　to　distribute　the　whole　population　into　ten　tribes　in　place　of　the　existing　four；　with　the　object　of　intermixing　the　members　of　the　different　tribes；　and　so　securing　that　more　persons　might　have　a　share　in　the　franchise。　From　　this　arose　the　saying　'Do　not　look　at　the　tribes'；　addressed　to　those　who　wished　to　scrutinize　the　lists　of　the　old　families。　Next　he　made　the　Council　to　consist　of　five　hundred　members　instead　of　four　hundred；　each　tribe　now　contributing　fifty；　whereas　formerly　each　had　sent　a　hundred。　The　reason　why　he　did　not　organize　the　people　into　twelve　tribes　was　that　he　might　not　have　to　use　the　existing　division　into　trittyes；　for　the　four　tribes　had　twelve　trittyes；　so　that　he　would　not　have　achieved　his　object　of　redistributing　the　　population　in　fresh　combinations。　Further；　he　divided　the　country　into　thirty　groups　of　demes；　ten　from　the　districts　about　the　city；　ten　from　the　coast；　and　ten　from　the　interior。　These　he　called　trittyes；　and　he　assigned　three　of　them　by　lot　to　each　tribe；　in　such　a　way　that　each　should　have　one　portion　in　each　of　these　three　localities。　All　who　lived　in　any　given　deme　he　declared　fellow…demesmen；　to　the　end　that　the　new　citizens　might　not　be　exposed　by　the　habitual　use　of　family　　names；　but　that　men　might　be　officially　described　by　the　names　of　their　demes；　and　accordingly　it　is　by　the　names　of　their　demes　that　the　Athenians　speak　of　one　another。　He　also　instituted　Demarchs；　who　had　the　same　duties　as　the　previously　existing　Naucrari；…the　demes　being　made　to　take　the　place　of　the　naucraries。　He　gave　names　to　the　demes；　some　from　the　localities　to　which　they　belonged；　some　from　the　persons　who　founded　them；　since　some　of　the　areas　no　longer　corresponded　to　localities　possessing　names。　On　the　other　hand　he　allowed　　every　one　to　retain　his　family　and　clan　and　religious　rites　according　to　ancestral　custom。　The　names　given　to　the　tribes　were　the　ten　　which　the　Pythia　appointed　out　of　the　hundred　selected　national　heroes。

Part　22

　　By　these　reforms　the　constitution　became　much　more　democratic　than　that　of　Solon。　The　laws　of　Solon　had　been　obliterated　by　　disuse　during　the　period　of　the　tyranny；　while　Cleisthenes　substituted　new　　ones　with　the　object　of　securing　the　goodwill　of　the　masses。　Among　　these　was　the　law　concerning　ostracism。　Four　year　after　the　establishment　of　this　system；　in　the　archonship　of　Hermocreon；　they　first　imposed　upon　the　Council　of　Five　Hundred　the　oath　which　they　take　to　the　present　day。　Next　they　began　to　elect　the　generals　by　tribes；　one　from　each　tribe；　while　the　Polemarch　was　the　commander　of　the　whole　army。　Then；　eleven　years　later；　in　the　archonship　of　Phaenippus　　they　won　the　battle　of　Marathon；　and　two　years　after　this　victory；　when　the　people　had　now　gained　self…confidence；　they　for　the　first　time　made　use　of　the　law　of　ostracism。　This　had　originally　been　passed　as　a　precaution　against　men　in　high　office；　because　Pisistratus　took　advantage　of　his　position　as　a　popular　leader　and　general　to　make　himself　tyrant；　and　the　first　person　ostracized　was　one　of　his　relatives；　Hipparchus　son　of　Charmus；　of　the　deme　of　Collytus；　the　very　person　on　whose　account　especially　Cleisthenes　had　enacted　the　law；　as　he　wished　to　get　rid　of　him。　Hitherto；　however；　he　had　escaped；　for　the　Athenians；　with　the　usual　leniency　of　the　democracy；　allowed　all　the　partisans　of　the　tyrants；　who　had　not　joined　in　their　evil　deeds　in　the　time　of　the　troubles　to　remain　in　the　city；　and　the　chief　and　leader　of　these　was　Hipparchus。　Then　in　the　very　next　year；　in　the　archonship　of　Telesinus；　they　for　　the　first　time　since　the　tyranny　elected；　tribe　by　tribe；　the　nine　Archons　by　lot　out　of　the　five　hundred　candidates　selected　by　the　demes；　all　the　earlier　ones　having　been　elected　by　vote；　and　in　the　same　year　Megacles　son　of　Hippocrates；　of　the　deme　of　Alopece；　was　ostracized。　Thus　for　three　years　they　continued　to　ostracize　the　friends　of　the　tyrants；　on　whose　account　the　law　had　been　passed；　but　in　the　following　year　they　began　to　remove　others　as　well；　including　any　one　who　seemed　to　be　more　powerful　than　was　expedient。　The　first　person　unconnected　with　the　tyrants　who　was　ostracized　was　Xanthippus　son　of　Ariphron。　Two　years　later；　in　the　archonship　of　Nicodemus；　the　mines　of　Maroneia　were　discovered；　and　the　　state　made　a　profit　of　a　hundred　talents　from　the　working　of　them。　Some　persons　advised　the　people　to　make　a　distribution　of　the　money　among　themselves；　but　this　was　prevented　by　Themistocles。　He　refused　to　say　on　what　he　proposed　to　spend　the　money；　but　he　bade　them　lend　it　to　the　hundred　richest　men　in　Athens；　one　talent　to　each；　　and　then；　if　the　manner　in　which　it　was　employed　pleased　the　people；　the　expenditure　should　be　charged　to　the　state；　but　otherwise　the　state　should　receive　the　sum　back　from　those　to　whom　it　was　lent。　On　these　terms　he　received　the　money　and　with　it　he　had　a　hundred　triremes　built；　each　of　the　hundred　individuals　building　one；　and　it　was　with　these　ships　that　they　fought　the　battle　of　Salamis　against　the　barbarians。　About　this　time　Aristides　the　son　of　Lysimachus　was　ostracized。　Three　years　later；　however；　in　the　archonship　of　Hypsichides；　all　the　ostracized　persons　were　recalled；　on　account　of　the　advance　of　the　army　of　Xerxes；　and　it　was　laid　down　for　　the　future　that　persons　under　sentence　of　ostracism　must　live　between　Geraestus　and　Scyllaeum；　on　pain　of　losing　their　civic　rights　irrevocably。

Part　23

　　So　far；　then；　had　the　city　progressed　by　this　time；　growing　gradually　with　the　growth　of　the　democracy；　but　after　the　　Persian　wars　the　Council　of　Areopagus　once　more　developed　strength　and　assumed　the　control　of　the　state。　It　did　not　acquire　this　supremacy　by　virtue　of　any　formal　decree；　but　because　it　had　been　the　cause　of　the　battle　of　Salamis　being　fought。　When　the　generals　were　utterly　at　a　loss　how　to　meet　the　crisis　and　made　proclamation　that　every　one　should　see　to　his　own　safety；　the　Areopagus　provided　a　　donation　of　money；　distributing　eight　drachmas　to　each　member　of　the　　ships'　crews；　and　so　prevailed　on　them　to　go　on　board。　On　these　grounds　　people　bowed　to　its　prestige；　and　during　this　period　Athens　was　well　administered。　At　this　time　they　devoted　themselves　to　the　prosecution　of　the　war　and　were　in　high　repute　among　the　Greeks；　so　that　the　command　by　sea　was　conferred　upon　them；　in　spite　of　the　opposition　of　the　Lacedaemonians。　The　leaders　of　the　people　during　this　period　were　Aristides；　of　Lysimachus；　and　Themistocles；　son　of　Lysimachus；　and　Themistocles；　son　of　Neocles；　of　whom　the　latter　appeared　to　devote　himself　to　the　conduct　of　war；　while　the　　former　had　the　reputation　of　being　a　clever　statesman　and　the　most　　upright　man　of　his　time。　Accordingly　the　one　was　usually　employed　as　general；　the　other　as　political　adviser。　The　rebuilding　of　the　fortifications　they　conducted　in　combination；　although　they　were　political　　opponents；　but　it　was　Aristides　who；　seizing　the　opportunity　afforded　by　the　discredit　brought　upon　the　Lacedaemonians　by　Pausanias；　guided　the　public　policy　in　the　matter　of　the　defection　of　the　Ionian　　states　from　the　alliance　with　Sparta。　It　follows　that　it　was　he　who　made　　the　first　assessment　of　tribute　from　the　various　allied　states；　two　years　after　the　battle　of　Salamis；　in　the　archonship　of　Timosthenes；　and　it　was　he　who　took　the　oath　of　offensive　and　defensive　alliance　with　the　Ionians；　on　which　occasion　they　cast　the　masses　of　iron　into　the　sea。

Part　24

　　After　this；　seeing　the　state　growing　in　confidence　and　much　wealth　accumulated；　he　advised　the　people　to　lay　hold　of　the　leadership　of　the　league；　and　to　quit　the　country　districts　and　settle　in　the　city。　He　pointed　out　to　them　that　all　would　be　able　to　gain　a　living　there；　some　by　service　in　the　army；　others　in　the　garrisons；　　others　by　taking　a　part　in　public　affairs；　a