the athenian constitution-第14章

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ley；　and　that　the　bakers　sell　their　loaves　at　a　price　proportionate　to　that　of　wheat；　and　of　such　weight　as　the　Commissioners　may　　appoint；　for　the　law　requires　them　to　fix　the　standard　weight。　　　There　are　ten　Superintendents　of　the　Mart；　elected　by　lot；　whose　duty　is　to　superintend　the　Mart；　and　to　compel　merchants　to　bring　up　into　the　city　two…thirds　of　the　corn　which　is　brought　by　sea　to　the　Corn　Mart。

Part　52

　　The　Eleven　also　are　appointed　by　lot　to　take　care　of　the　prisoners　in　the　state　gaol。　Thieves；　kidnappers；　and　pickpockets　are　　brought　to　them；　and　if　they　plead　guilty　they　are　executed；　but　if　　they　deny　the　charge　the　Eleven　bring　the　case　before　the　law…courts；　if　the　prisoners　are　acquitted；　they　release　them；　but　if　not；　they　then　execute　them。　They　also　bring　up　before　the　law…courts　the　list　of　farms　and　houses　claimed　as　state…property；　and　if　it　is　decided　that　they　are　so；　they　deliver　them　to　the　Commissioners　for　Public　Contracts。　The　Eleven　also　bring　up　informations　laid　against　magistrates　alleged　to　be　disqualified；　this　function　comes　within　their　province；　but　some　such　cases　are　brought　up　by　the　Thesmothetae。　　　There　are　also　five　Introducers　of　Cases　（Eisagogeis）；　elected　by　lot；　one　for　each　pair　of　tribes；　who　bring　up　the　'monthly'　cases　to　the　law…courts。　'Monthly'　cases　are　these：　refusal　to　pay　up　a　dowry　where　a　party　is　bound　to　do　so；　refusal　to　pay　interest　on　money　borrowed　at　12　per　cent。；　or　where　a　man　desirous　of　setting　up　business　in　the　market　has　borrowed　from　another　man　capital　to　start　with；　also　cases　of　slander；　cases　arising　out　of　　friendly　loans　or　partnerships；　and　cases　concerned　with　slaves；　cattle；　and　the　office　of　trierarch；　or　with　banks。　These　are　brought　up　as　'monthly'　cases　and　are　introduced　by　these　officers；　but　the　Receivers…General　perform　the　same　function　in　cases　for　or　against　the　farmers　of　taxes。　Those　in　which　the　sum　concerned　is　not　more　than　ten　drachmas　they　can　decide　summarily；　but　all　above　　that　amount　they　bring　into　the　law…courts　as　'monthly'　cases。

Part　53

　　The　Forty　are　also　elected　by　lot；　four　from　each　tribe；　　before　whom　suitors　bring　all　other　cases。　Formerly　they　were　thirty　in　number；　and　they　went　on　circuit　through　the　demes　to　hear　causes；　but　after　the　oligarchy　of　the　Thirty　they　were　increased　to　forty。　They　have　full　powers　to　decide　cases　in　which　the　amount　at　issue　does　not　exceed　ten　drachmas；　but　anything　beyond　that　value　they　hand　over　to　the　Arbitrators。　The　Arbitrators　take　up　the　case；　and；　if　they　cannot　bring　the　parties　to　an　agreement；　they　give　a　decision。　If　their　decision　satisfies　both　parties；　and　they　abide　by　it；　the　case　is　at　an　end；　but　if　either　of　the　parties　appeals　to　the　law…courts；　the　Arbitrators　enclose　the　evidence；　the　pleadings；　and　the　laws　quoted　in　the　case　in　two　urns；　those　of　the　　plaintiff　in　the　one；　and　those　of　the　defendant　in　the　other。　These　they　seal　up　and；　having　attached　to　them　the　decision　of　the　arbitrator；　written　out　on　a　tablet；　place　them　in　the　custody　of　the　four　justices　whose　function　it　is　to　introduce　cases　on　behalf　of　the　tribe　of　the　defendant。　These　officers　take　them　and　bring　up　the　case　before　the　law…court；　to　a　jury　of　two　hundred　and　one　members　in　　cases　up　to　the　value　of　a　thousand　drachmas；　or　to　one　of　four　hundred　　and　one　in　cases　above　that　value。　No　laws　or　pleadings　or　evidence　may　be　used　except　those　which　were　adduced　before　the　Arbitrator；　and　have　been　enclosed　in　the　urns。　　　The　Arbitrators　are　persons　in　the　sixtieth　year　of　their　age；　this　appears　from　the　schedule　of　the　Archons　and　the　Eponymi。　There　are　two　classes　of　Eponymi；　the　ten　who　give　their　names　to　the　tribes；　and　the　forty…two　of　the　years　of　service。　The　youths；　on　being　enrolled　among　the　citizens；　were　formerly　registered　upon　whitened　tablets；　and　the　names　were　appended　of　the　Archon　in　whose　year　they　were　enrolled；　and　of　the　Eponymus　who　had　been　in　　course　in　the　preceding　year；　at　the　present　day　they　are　written　on　a　bronze　pillar；　which　stands　in　front　of　the　Council…chamber；　near　　the　Eponymi　of　the　tribes。　Then　the　Forty　take　the　last　of　the　Eponymi　of　the　years　of　service；　and　assign　the　arbitrations　to　the　persons　　belonging　to　that　year；　casting　lots　to　determine　which　arbitrations　each　shall　undertake；　and　every　one　is　compelled　to　carry　through　the　arbitrations　which　the　lot　assigns　to　him。　The　law　enacts　　that　any　one　who　does　not　serve　as　Arbitrator　when　he　has　arrived　at　the　necessary　age　shall　lose　his　civil　rights；　unless　he　happens　to　be　holding　some　other　office　during　that　year；　or　to　be　out　of　the　country。　These　are　the　only　persons　who　escape　the　duty。　Any　one　who　suffers　injustice　at　the　hands　of　the　Arbitrator　may　appeal　to　the　whole　board　of　Arbitrators；　and　if　they　find　the　magistrate　guilty；　the　law　enacts　that　he　shall　lose　his　civil　rights。　The　persons　thus　condemned　have；　however；　in　their　turn　an　appeal。　The　　Eponymi　are　also　used　in　reference　to　military　expeditions；　when　the　men　of　military　age　are　despatched　on　service；　a　notice　is　put　up　stating　　that　the　men　from　such…and　such　an　Archon　and　Eponymus　to　such…and　such　another　Archon　and　Eponymus　are　to　go　on　the　expedition。

Part　54

　　The　following　magistrates　also　are　elected　by　lot：　Five　Commissioners　of　Roads　（Hodopoei）；　who；　with　an　assigned　body　of　public　slaves；　are　required　to　keep　the　roads　in　order：　and　ten　Auditors；　with　ten　assistants；　to　whom　all　persons　who　have　held　any　office　must　give　in　their　accounts。　These　are　the　only　officers　who　audit　the　accounts　of　those　who　are　subject　to　examination；　and　who　bring　them　up　for　examination　before　the　law…courts。　If　they　detect　any　magistrate　in　embezzlement；　the　jury　condemn　him　for　　theft；　and　he　is　obliged　to　repay　tenfold　the　sum　he　is　declared　to　have　misappropriated。　If　they　charge　a　magistrate　with　accepting　　bribes　and　the　jury　convict　him；　they　fine　him　for　corruption；　and　this　sum　too　is　repaid　tenfold。　Or　if　they　convict　him　of　unfair　dealing；　he　is　fined　on　that　charge；　and　the　sum　assessed　is　paid　without　increase；　if　payment　is　made　before　the　ninth　prytany；　but　otherwise　it　is　doubled。　A　tenfold　fine　is　not　doubled。　　　The　Clerk　of　the　prytany；　as　he　is　called；　is　also　elected　by　lot。　He　has　the　charge　of　all　public　documents；　and　keeps　the　resolutions　which　are　passed　by　the　Assembly；　and　checks　the　transcripts　of　all　other　official　papers　and　attends　at　the　sessions　of　the　Council。　Formerly　he　was　elected　by　open　vote；　and　the　most　distinguished　and　trustworthy　persons　were　elected　to　the　post；　as　is　known　from　the　fact　that　the　name　of　this　officer　is　appended　on　the　pillars　recording　treaties　of　alliance　and　grants　of　consulship　and　citizenship。　Now；　however；　he　is　elected　by　lot。　There　is；　in　addition；　a　Clerk　of　the　Laws；　elected　by　lot；　who　attends　at　the　sessions　of　the　Council；　and　he　too　checks　the　transcript　of　all　the　laws。　The　Assembly　also　elects　by　open　vote　a　clerk　to　read　documents　to　it　and　to　the　Council；　but　he　has　no　other　duty　except　that　of　reading　aloud。　　　The　Assembly　also　elects　by　lot　the　Commissioners　of　Public　Worship　（Hieropoei）　known　as　the　Commissioners　for　Sacrifices；　who　offer　the　sacrifices　appointed　by　oracle；　and；　in　　conjunction　with　the　seers；　take　the　auspices　whenever　there　is　occasion。　It　also　　elects　by　lot　ten　others；　known　as　Annual　Commissioners；　who　offer　certain　sacrifices　and　administer　all　the　quadrennial　festivals　except　the　Panathenaea。　There　are　the　following　quadrennial　festivals：　　first　that　of　Delos　（where　there　is　also　a　sexennial　festival）；　secondly　the　Brauronia；　thirdly　the　Heracleia；　fourthly　the　Eleusinia；　and　fifthly　the　Panathenaea；　and　no　two　of　these　are　celebrated　in　the　same　place。　To　these　the　Hephaestia　has　now　been　added；　in　the　archonship　of　Cephisophon。　　　An　Archon　is　also　elected　by　lot　for　Salamis；　and　a　Demarch　for　Piraeus。　These　officers　celebrate　the　Dionysia　in　these　two　places；　and　appoint　Choregi。　In　Salamis；　moreover；　the　name　of　the　Archon　is　publicly　recorded。

Part　55

　　All　the　foregoing　magistrates　are　elected　by　lot；　and　their　powers　are　those　which　have　been　stated。　To　pass　on　to　the　nine　Archons；　as　t