evolution and ethics and other essays-第6章
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Thus; as soon as the colonists began to multiply; the administrator
would have to face the tendency to the reintroduction of the cosmic
struggle into his artificial fabric; in consequence of the
competition; not merely for the commodities; but for the means of
existence。 When the colony reached the limit of possible expansion;
the surplus population must be disposed of somehow; or the fierce
struggle for existence must recommence and destroy that peace; which
is the fundamental condition of the maintenance of the state of art
against the state of nature。
Supposing the administrator to be guided by purely scientific
considerations; he would; like the gardener; meet this most serious
difficulty by systematic extirpation; or exclusion; of the superfluous。
The hopelessly diseased; the infirm aged; the weak or deformed in body
or in mind; the excess of infants born; would be put away; as the
gardener pulls up defective and superfluous plants; or the breeder
destroys undesirable cattle。 Only the strong and the healthy;
carefully matched; with a view to the progeny best adapted to the
purposes of the administrator; would be permitted to perpetuate their
kind。
'22'
VIII。
Of the more thoroughgoing of the multitudinous attempts to apply the
principles of cosmic evolution; or what are supposed to be such; to
social and political problems; which have appeared of late years; a
considerable proportion appear to me to be based upon the notion that
human society is competent to furnish; from its own resources; an
administrator of the kind I have imagined。 The pigeons; in short; are
to be their own Sir John Sebright。* A despotic government; whether
individual or collective; is to be endowed with the preternatural
intelligence; and with what; I am afraid; many will consider the
preternatural ruthlessness; required for the purpose of carrying out
the principle of improvement by selection; with the somewhat drastic
thoroughness upon which the success of the method depends。 Experience
certainly does not justify us in limiting the ruthlessness of
individual 〃saviours of society〃; and; on the well…known grounds of
the aphorism which denies both body and soul to corporations; it seems
probable (indeed the belief is not without support in history) that a
collective despotism; a mob got to believe in its own divine right by
demagogic missionaries; would be capable of more thorough '23' work in
this direction than any single tyrant; puffed up with the same
illusion; has ever achieved。 But intelligence is another affair。 The
fact that 〃saviours of society〃 take to that trade is evidence enough
that they have none to spare。 And such as they possess is generally
sold to the capitalists of physical force on whose resources they
depend。 However; I doubt whether even the keenest judge of character;
if he had before him a hundred boys and girls under fourteen; could
pick out; with the least chance of success; those who should be kept;
as certain to be serviceable members of the polity; and those who
should be chloroformed; as equally sure to be stupid; idle; or
vicious。 The 〃points〃 of a good or of a bad citizen are really far
harder to discern than those of a puppy or a short…horn calf; many do
not show themselves before the practical difficulties of life
stimulate manhood to full exertion。 And by that time the mischief is
done。 The evil stock; if it be one; has had time to multiply; and
selection is nullified。
* Not that the conception of such a society is necessarily based
upon the idea of evolution。 The Platonic state testifies to the
contrary。
IX。
I have other reasons for fearing that this logical ideal of
evolutionary regimentationthis pigeon…fanciers' polityis
unattainable。 In the absence of any such a severely scientific
administrator as we have been dreaming of; human society '24' is kept
together by bonds of such a singular character; that the attempt to
perfect society after his fashion would run serious risk of loosening
them。 Social organization is not peculiar to men。 Other societies;
such as those constituted by bees and ants; have also arisen out of
the advantage of co…operation in the struggle for existence; and their
resemblances to; and their differences from; human society are alike
instructive。 The society formed by the hive bee fulfils the ideal of
the communistic aphorism 〃to each according to his needs; from each
according to his capacity。〃 Within it; the struggle for existence is
strictly limited。 Queen; drones; and workers have each their allotted
sufficiency of food; each performs the function assigned to it in the
economy of the hive; and all contribute to the success of the whole
cooperative society in its competition with rival collectors of nectar
and pollen and with other enemies; in the state of nature without。 In
the same sense as the garden; or the colony; is a work of human art;
the bee polity is a work of apiarian art; brought about by the cosmic
process; working through the organization of the hymenopterous type。
Now this society is the direct product of an organic necessity;
impelling every member of it to a course of action which tends to the
good of the whole。 Each bee has its duty and none '25' has any rights。
Whether bees are susceptible of feeling and capable of thought is a
question which cannot be dogmatically answered。 As a pious opinion; I
am disposed to deny them more than the merest rudiments of
consciousness。* But it is curious to reflect that a thoughtful drone
(workers and queens would have no leisure for speculation) with a turn
for ethical philosophy; must needs profess himself an intuitive
moralist of the purest water。 He would point out; with perfect
justice; that the devotion of the workers to a life of ceaseless toil
for a mere subsistence wage; cannot be accounted for either by
enlightened selfishness; or by any other sort of utilitarian motives;
since these bees begin to work; without experience or reflection; as
they emerge from the cell in which they are hatched。 Plainly; an
eternal and immutable principle; innate in each bee; can alone account
for the phenomena。 On the other hand; the biologist; who traces out
all the extant stages of gradation between solitary and hive bees; as
clearly sees in the latter; simply the perfection of an automatic
mechanism; hammered out by the blows of the struggle for existence
upon the progeny of the former; during long ages of constant
variation。
* Collected Essays; vol。 i。; 〃Animal Automatism〃; vol。 v。;
〃Prologue;〃 pp。 45 et seq。
'26'
X。
I see no reason to doubt that; at its origin; human society was as much
a product of organic necessity as that of the bees。* The human family;
to begin with; rested upon exactly the same conditions as those which
gave rise to similar associations among animals lower in the scale。
Further; it is easy to see that every increase in the duration of the
family ties; with the resulting co…operation of a larger and larger
number of descendants for protection and defence; would give the
families in which such modification took place a distinct advantage
over the others。 And; as in the hive; the progressive limitation of
the struggle for existence between the members of the family would
involve increasing efficiency as regards outside competition。
But there is this vast and fundamental difference between bee society
and human society。 In the former; the members of the society are each
organically predestined to the performance of one particular class of
functions only。 If they were endowed with desires; each could desire
to perform none but those offices for which its organization specially
fits it; and which; in view of the good of the whole; it is proper it
should do。 So long as a new queen does not make her appearance;
rivalries; and competition are absent from the bee polity。
* Collected Essays; vol v。; Prologue; pp。 50…54;
'27' Among mankind; on the contrary; there is no such predestination to
a sharply defined place in the social organism。 However much men may
differ in the quality of their i