±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·) >

µÚ38ÕÂ

proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·)-µÚ38ÕÂ

С˵£º proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·) ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




these¡¡evils¡¡are¡¡unavoidable£»¡¡I¡¡say¡¡only¡¡that¡¡they¡¡will¡¡not¡¡be¡¡avoided¡¡unless¡¡

they¡¡are¡¡foreseen¡¡and¡¡a¡¡deliberate¡¡conscious¡¡effort¡¡is¡¡made¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡their¡¡

realization¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡white¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡communities¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡should¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ever¡¡¡¡¡¡reach¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡point¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

wishing¡¡to¡¡carry¡¡out¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as¡¡possible¡¡the¡¡principles¡¡underlying¡¡the¡¡revolt¡¡

against¡¡capitalism£»¡¡they¡¡will¡¡have¡¡to¡¡find¡¡a¡¡way¡¡of¡¡establishing¡¡an¡¡absolute¡¡

disinterestedness¡¡in¡¡their¡¡dealings¡¡with¡¡subject¡¡races¡£¡¡It¡¡will¡¡be¡¡necessary¡¡

to¡¡avoid¡¡the¡¡faintest¡¡suggestion¡¡of¡¡capitalistic¡¡profit¡¡in¡¡the¡¡government¡¡of¡¡

Africa£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡spend¡¡in¡¡the¡¡countries¡¡themselves¡¡whatever¡¡they¡¡would¡¡be¡¡

able¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡spend¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡self¡­governing¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Moreover£»¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡always¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡

remembered¡¡that¡¡backwardness¡¡in¡¡civilization¡¡is¡¡not¡¡necessarily¡¡incurable£»¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡populations¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Central¡¡Africa¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡become¡¡

capable¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡democratic¡¡¡¡¡¡self¡­government£»¡¡¡¡¡¡provided¡¡¡¡¡¡Europeans¡¡¡¡¡¡bend¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡

energies¡¡to¡¡this¡¡purpose¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡problem¡¡of¡¡Africa¡¡is£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡a¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wider¡¡problems¡¡of¡¡

Imperialism£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡part¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡application¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialist¡¡

principles¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡difficult¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡regard¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Asia£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡particularly¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡

regard¡¡to¡¡India¡¡and¡¡Persia£»¡¡the¡¡application¡¡of¡¡principles¡¡is¡¡clear¡¡in¡¡theory¡¡

though¡¡¡¡¡¡difficult¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡political¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡practice¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡obstacles¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡self¡­government¡¡

which¡¡¡¡¡¡exist¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Africa¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡exist¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡measure¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Asia¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡What¡¡

stands¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡freedom¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡Asiatic¡¡¡¡¡¡populations¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡lack¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

intelligence£»¡¡but¡¡only¡¡their¡¡lack¡¡of¡¡military¡¡prowess£»¡¡which¡¡makes¡¡them¡¡an¡¡

easy¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡prey¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡lust¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡dominion¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡lust¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡probably¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡in¡¡

temporary¡¡abeyance¡¡on¡¡the¡¡morrow¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Socialist¡¡revolution£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡such¡¡a¡¡

moment¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡new¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡departure¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Asiatic¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡policy¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡taken¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡

permanently¡¡beneficial¡¡¡¡¡¡results¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡mean£»¡¡¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡should¡¡

force¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡India¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡form¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡democratic¡¡¡¡¡¡government¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡

developed¡¡for¡¡our¡¡own¡¡needs¡£¡¡I¡¡mean¡¡rather¡¡that¡¡we¡¡should¡¡leave¡¡India¡¡to¡¡

choose¡¡its¡¡own¡¡form¡¡of¡¡government£»¡¡its¡¡own¡¡manner¡¡of¡¡education¡¡and¡¡its¡¡

own¡¡type¡¡of¡¡civilization¡£¡¡India¡¡has¡¡an¡¡ancient¡¡tradition£»¡¡very¡¡different¡¡from¡¡

that¡¡of¡¡Western¡¡Europe£»¡¡a¡¡tradition¡¡highly¡¡valued¡¡by¡¡educated¡¡Hindoos£»¡¡but¡¡

not¡¡loved¡¡by¡¡our¡¡schools¡¡and¡¡colleges¡£¡¡The¡¡Hindoo¡¡Nationalist¡¡feels¡¡that¡¡

his¡¡¡¡¡¡country¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡type¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡culture¡¡¡¡¡¡containing¡¡¡¡¡¡elements¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡value¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡105¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡106¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



absent£»¡¡or¡¡much¡¡less¡¡marked£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡West£»¡¡he¡¡wishes¡¡to¡¡be¡¡free¡¡to¡¡preserve¡¡

this£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡desires¡¡political¡¡freedom¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡reasons¡¡rather¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡those¡¡

that¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡naturally¡¡¡¡¡¡appeal¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡Englishman¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡subject¡¡

position¡£¡¡The¡¡belief¡¡of¡¡the¡¡European¡¡in¡¡his¡¡own¡¡Kultur¡¡tends¡¡to¡¡be¡¡fanatical¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ruthless£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡reason£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡other£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

independence¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡extra¡­European¡¡¡¡¡¡civilization¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡real¡¡¡¡¡¡importance¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

world£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡by¡¡a¡¡dead¡¡uniformity¡¡that¡¡the¡¡world¡¡as¡¡a¡¡whole¡¡is¡¡most¡¡

enriched¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡set¡¡¡¡¡¡forth¡¡¡¡¡¡strongly¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡major¡¡¡¡¡¡difficulties¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

preservation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world's¡¡peace£»¡¡not¡¡because¡¡I¡¡believe¡¡these¡¡difficulties¡¡to¡¡

be¡¡¡¡¡¡insuperable£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but£»¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡contrary£»¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡believe¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡

overcome¡¡if¡¡they¡¡are¡¡recognized¡£¡¡A¡¡correct¡¡diagnosis¡¡is¡¡necessarily¡¡the¡¡first¡¡

step¡¡toward¡¡a¡¡cure¡£¡¡The¡¡existing¡¡evils¡¡in¡¡international¡¡relations¡¡spring£»¡¡at¡¡

bottom£»¡¡from¡¡psychological¡¡causes£»¡¡from¡¡motives¡¡forming¡¡part¡¡of¡¡human¡¡

nature¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡at¡¡present¡£¡¡Among¡¡these¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡are¡¡competitiveness£»¡¡love¡¡

of¡¡power£»¡¡and¡¡envy£»¡¡using¡¡envy¡¡in¡¡that¡¡broad¡¡sense¡¡in¡¡which¡¡it¡¡includes¡¡the¡¡

instinctive¡¡¡¡¡¡dislike¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡gain¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡others¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡accompanied¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡least¡¡

equal¡¡gain¡¡to¡¡ourselves¡£¡¡The¡¡evils¡¡arising¡¡from¡¡these¡¡three¡¡causes¡¡can¡¡be¡¡

removed¡¡by¡¡a¡¡better¡¡education¡¡and¡¡a¡¡better¡¡economic¡¡and¡¡political¡¡system¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Competitiveness¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡means¡¡¡¡¡¡wholly¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡evil¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡When¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡takes¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

form¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡emulation¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡service¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡public£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡discovery¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

production¡¡of¡¡works¡¡of¡¡art£»¡¡it¡¡may¡¡become¡¡a¡¡very¡¡useful¡¡stimulus£»¡¡urging¡¡

men¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡profitable¡¡¡¡¡¡effort¡¡¡¡¡¡beyond¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡otherwise¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡

only¡¡harmful¡¡when¡¡it¡¡aims¡¡at¡¡the¡¡acquisition¡¡of¡¡goods¡¡which¡¡are¡¡limited¡¡in¡¡

amount£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡what¡¡one¡¡man¡¡possesses¡¡he¡¡holds¡¡at¡¡the¡¡expense¡¡of¡¡another¡£¡¡

When¡¡¡¡¡¡competitiveness¡¡¡¡¡¡takes¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡form¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡necessarily¡¡¡¡¡¡attended¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡fear£»¡¡

and¡¡out¡¡of¡¡fear¡¡cruelty¡¡is¡¡almost¡¡inevitably¡¡developed¡£¡¡But¡¡a¡¡social¡¡system¡¡

providing¡¡for¡¡a¡¡more¡¡just¡¡distribution¡¡of¡¡material¡¡goods¡¡might¡¡close¡¡to¡¡the¡¡

instinct¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡competitiveness¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡channels¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡harmful£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

cause¡¡it¡¡to¡¡flow¡¡instead¡¡in¡¡channels¡¡in¡¡which¡¡it¡¡would¡¡become¡¡a¡¡benefit¡¡to¡¡

mankind¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡one¡¡great¡¡reason¡¡why¡¡the¡¡communal¡¡ownership¡¡of¡¡land¡¡

and¡¡capital¡¡would¡¡be¡¡likely¡¡to¡¡have¡¡a¡¡beneficial¡¡effect¡¡upon¡¡human¡¡nature£»¡¡

for¡¡human¡¡nature£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡exists¡¡in¡¡adult¡¡men¡¡and¡¡women£»¡¡is¡¡by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡a¡¡

fixed¡¡¡¡¡¡datum£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡product¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡circumstances£»¡¡¡¡¡¡education¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡opportunity¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡106¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡107¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



operating¡¡upon¡¡a¡¡highly¡¡malleable¡¡native¡¡disposition¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡What¡¡is¡¡true¡¡of¡¡competitiveness¡¡is¡¡equally¡¡true¡¡of¡¡love¡¡of¡¡power¡£¡¡Power£»¡¡

in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡form¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡now¡¡¡¡¡¡usually¡¡¡¡¡¡sought£»¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡power¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡command£»¡¡

power¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡imposing¡¡¡¡¡¡one's¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡others¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡force£»¡¡¡¡¡¡open¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡concealed¡£¡¡

This¡¡form¡¡of¡¡power¡¡consists£»¡¡in¡¡essence£»¡¡in¡¡thwarting¡¡others£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡is¡¡only¡¡

displayed¡¡when¡¡others¡¡are¡¡compelled¡¡to¡¡do¡¡what¡¡they¡¡do¡¡not¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡do¡£¡¡

Such¡¡power£»¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡hope£»¡¡¡¡the¡¡social¡¡system¡¡¡¡which¡¡is¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡supersede¡¡¡¡capitalist¡¡

will¡¡¡¡¡¡reduce¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡minimum¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡methods¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡outlined¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡

preceding¡¡chapter¡£¡¡These¡¡methods¡¡can¡¡be¡¡applied¡¡in¡¡international¡¡no¡¡less¡¡

than¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡national¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡affairs¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡international¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡affairs¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡formula¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

federalism¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡apply£º¡¡¡¡¡¡self¡­¡¡¡¡¡¡determination¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡group¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡regard¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

matters¡¡which¡¡concern¡¡it¡¡much¡¡more¡¡vitally¡¡than¡¡they¡¡concern¡¡others£»¡¡and¡¡

government¡¡by¡¡a¡¡neutral¡¡authority¡¡embracing¡¡rival¡¡groups¡¡in¡¡all¡¡matters¡¡in¡¡

which¡¡conflicting¡¡interests¡¡of¡¡groups¡¡come¡¡into¡¡play£»¡¡lout¡¡always¡¡with¡¡the¡¡

fixed¡¡principle¡¡that¡¡the¡¡functions¡¡of¡¡government¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡reduced¡¡to¡¡the¡¡

bare¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡minimum¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡compatible¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡justice¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡prevention¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡private¡¡

violence¡£¡¡In¡¡such¡¡a¡¡world¡¡the¡¡present¡¡harmful¡¡outlets¡¡for¡¡the¡¡love¡¡of¡¡power¡¡

would¡¡be¡¡closed¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡power¡¡which¡¡consists¡¡in¡¡persuasion£»¡¡in¡¡teaching£»¡¡

in¡¡leading¡¡men¡¡to¡¡a¡¡new¡¡wisdom¡¡or¡¡the¡¡realization¡¡of¡¡new¡¡possibilities¡¡of¡¡

happinessthis¡¡¡¡¡¡kind¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡power£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡wholly¡¡¡¡¡¡beneficial£»¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡

remain¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡untouched£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡vigorous¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡men£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡actual¡¡¡¡¡¡world¡¡

devote¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡energies¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡domination£»¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡world¡¡¡¡¡¡find¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡

energies¡¡directed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡creation¡¡of¡¡new¡¡goods¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡the¡¡perpetuation¡¡

of¡¡ancient¡¡evils¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Envy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡third¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡psychological¡¡¡¡¡¡causes¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡attributed¡¡

what¡¡is¡¡bad¡¡in¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡world£»¡¡depends¡¡in¡¡most¡¡natures¡¡upon¡¡that¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡

fundamental¡¡¡¡¡¡discontent¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡springs¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡lack¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡free¡¡¡¡¡¡development£»¡¡

from¡¡thwarted¡¡instinct£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡the¡¡impossibility¡¡of¡¡realizing¡¡an¡¡imagined¡¡

happiness¡£¡¡Envy¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡cured¡¡by¡¡preaching£»¡¡preaching£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡best£»¡¡will¡¡

only¡¡¡¡¡¡alter¡¡¡¡¡¡it

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ