±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·) >

µÚ33ÕÂ

proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·)-µÚ33ÕÂ

С˵£º proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·) ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




by¡¡dividing¡¡the¡¡vast¡¡power¡¡now¡¡wielded¡¡by¡¡industrial¡¡capitalism¡¡can¡¡the¡¡

individual¡¡hope¡¡to¡¡be¡¡free''¡¡£¨p¡£¡¡91£©¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§54£§¡¡Bell£»¡¡1917¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Will¡¡the¡¡system¡¡suggested¡¡by¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Cole¡¡have¡¡this¡¡result£¿¡¡I¡¡think¡¡it¡¡is¡¡

clear¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡would£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡respect£»¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡improvement¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡existing¡¡

system¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Representative¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡government¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡cannot¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡improved¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡

method¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡brings¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡representatives¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡closer¡¡¡¡¡¡touch¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

interests¡¡concerned¡¡in¡¡their¡¡legislation£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡advantage¡¡probably¡¡would¡¡

be¡¡secured¡¡by¡¡handing¡¡over¡¡questions¡¡of¡¡production¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Guild¡¡Congress¡£¡¡

But¡¡¡¡¡¡if£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡spite¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡safeguards¡¡¡¡¡¡proposed¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Guild¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialists£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Guild¡¡Congress¡¡became¡¡all¡­powerful¡¡in¡¡such¡¡questions£»¡¡if¡¡resistance¡¡to¡¡its¡¡

will¡¡by¡¡a¡¡Guild¡¡which¡¡felt¡¡ill¡­used¡¡became¡¡practically¡¡hopeless£»¡¡I¡¡fear¡¡that¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡evils¡¡¡¡¡¡now¡¡¡¡¡¡connected¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡omnipotence¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡State¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡soon¡¡

reappear¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Trade¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Union¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡officials£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡soon¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡become¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡part¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

governing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡forces¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡country£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡tend¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡become¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡autocratic¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

conservative£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡lose¡¡¡¡¡¡touch¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡constituents¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡gravitate£»¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

psychological¡¡sympathy£»¡¡into¡¡co¡­operation¡¡with¡¡the¡¡powers¡¡that¡¡be¡£¡¡Their¡¡

formal¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡installation¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡authority¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡through¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Guilds¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Congress¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡

accelerate¡¡this¡¡process¡£¡¡They¡¡would¡¡soon¡¡tend¡¡to¡¡combine£»¡¡in¡¡effect¡¡if¡¡not¡¡

obviously£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡wield¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡authority¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡Parliament¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Apart¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡

occasional¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡conflicts£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡comparable¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡rivalry¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡opposing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡financiers¡¡

which¡¡now¡¡sometimes¡¡disturbs¡¡the¡¡harmony¡¡of¡¡the¡¡capitalist¡¡world£»¡¡there¡¡

would£»¡¡at¡¡most¡¡times£»¡¡be¡¡agreement¡¡between¡¡the¡¡dominant¡¡personalities¡¡in¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡91¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡92¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



the¡¡two¡¡Houses¡£¡¡And¡¡such¡¡harmony¡¡would¡¡filch¡¡away¡¡from¡¡the¡¡individual¡¡

the¡¡liberty¡¡which¡¡he¡¡had¡¡hoped¡¡to¡¡secure¡¡by¡¡the¡¡quarrels¡¡of¡¡his¡¡masters¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡method£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡mistaken£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡body¡¡

representing¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡community£»¡¡whether¡¡as¡¡producers¡¡or¡¡consumers¡¡or¡¡

both£»¡¡can¡¡alone¡¡be¡¡a¡¡sufficient¡¡guardian¡¡of¡¡individual¡¡liberty¡£¡¡The¡¡only¡¡way¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡preserving¡¡¡¡¡¡sufficient¡¡¡¡¡¡liberty¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨and¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡inadequate¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

case¡¡of¡¡very¡¡small¡¡minorities£©¡¡is¡¡the¡¡organization¡¡of¡¡citizens¡¡with¡¡special¡¡

interests¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡groups£»¡¡¡¡¡¡determined¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡preserve¡¡¡¡¡¡autonomy¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡regards¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡

internal¡¡affairs£»¡¡willing¡¡to¡¡resist¡¡interference¡¡by¡¡a¡¡strike¡¡if¡¡necessary£»¡¡and¡¡

sufficiently¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡powerful¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨either¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡themselves¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡through¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡power¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

appealing¡¡to¡¡public¡¡sympathy£©¡¡to¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡resist¡¡the¡¡organized¡¡forces¡¡of¡¡

government¡¡successfully¡¡when¡¡their¡¡cause¡¡is¡¡such¡¡as¡¡many¡¡men¡¡think¡¡just¡£¡¡

If¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡method¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡successful¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡suitable¡¡

organizations¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡diffused¡¡¡¡¡¡respect¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡liberty£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡absence¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

submissiveness¡¡to¡¡government¡¡both¡¡in¡¡theory¡¡and¡¡practice¡£¡¡Some¡¡risk¡¡of¡¡

disorder¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡society£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡risk¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡nothing¡¡

compared¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡danger¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡stagnation¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡inseparable¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡­¡¡

powerful¡¡central¡¡authority¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡may¡¡now¡¡sum¡¡up¡¡our¡¡discussion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡powers¡¡of¡¡Government¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡State£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡spite¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Anarchists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡urge£»¡¡¡¡¡¡seems¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡necessary¡¡

institution¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡certain¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡purposes¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Peace¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡war£»¡¡¡¡¡¡tariffs£»¡¡¡¡regulation¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

sanitary¡¡conditions¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sale¡¡of¡¡noxious¡¡drugs£»¡¡the¡¡preservation¡¡of¡¡a¡¡

just¡¡system¡¡of¡¡distribution£º¡¡these£»¡¡among¡¡others£»¡¡are¡¡functions¡¡which¡¡could¡¡

hardly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡performed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡community¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡central¡¡

government¡£¡¡Take£»¡¡for¡¡example£»¡¡the¡¡liquor¡¡traffic£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡opium¡¡traffic¡¡in¡¡

China¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡¡¡¡¡alcohol¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡obtained¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡cost¡¡¡¡¡¡price¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡taxation£»¡¡¡¡¡¡still¡¡

more¡¡if¡¡it¡¡could¡¡be¡¡obtained¡¡for¡¡nothing£»¡¡as¡¡Anarchists¡¡presumably¡¡desire£»¡¡

can¡¡we¡¡believe¡¡that¡¡there¡¡would¡¡not¡¡be¡¡a¡¡great¡¡and¡¡disastrous¡¡increase¡¡of¡¡

drunkenness£¿¡¡China¡¡was¡¡brought¡¡to¡¡the¡¡verge¡¡of¡¡ruin¡¡by¡¡opium£»¡¡and¡¡every¡¡

patriotic¡¡Chinaman¡¡desired¡¡to¡¡see¡¡the¡¡traffic¡¡in¡¡opium¡¡restricted¡£¡¡In¡¡such¡¡

matters¡¡¡¡¡¡freedom¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡panacea£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡degree¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡legal¡¡¡¡¡¡restriction¡¡

seems¡¡imperative¡¡for¡¡the¡¡national¡¡health¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡granting¡¡that¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡in¡¡some¡¡form£»¡¡must¡¡continue£»¡¡we¡¡must¡¡also¡¡

grant£»¡¡I¡¡think£»¡¡that¡¡its¡¡powers¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡very¡¡strictly¡¡limited¡¡to¡¡what¡¡is¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡92¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡93¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



absolutely¡¡¡¡¡¡necessary¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡limiting¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡powers¡¡¡¡¡¡except¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡

means¡¡of¡¡groups¡¡which¡¡are¡¡jealous¡¡of¡¡their¡¡privileges¡¡and¡¡determined¡¡to¡¡

preserve¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡autonomy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡should¡¡¡¡¡¡involve¡¡¡¡¡¡resistance¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡laws¡¡

decreed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡when¡¡these¡¡laws¡¡interfere¡¡in¡¡the¡¡internal¡¡affairs¡¡of¡¡a¡¡

group¡¡in¡¡ways¡¡not¡¡warranted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡public¡¡interest¡£¡¡The¡¡glorification¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

State£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡doctrine¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡every¡¡citizen's¡¡duty¡¡to¡¡serve¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡are¡¡

radically¡¡against¡¡progress¡¡and¡¡against¡¡liberty¡£¡¡The¡¡State£»¡¡though¡¡at¡¡present¡¡

a¡¡source¡¡of¡¡much¡¡evil£»¡¡is¡¡also¡¡a¡¡means¡¡to¡¡certain¡¡good¡¡things£»¡¡and¡¡will¡¡be¡¡

needed¡¡so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡violent¡¡and¡¡destructive¡¡impulses¡¡remain¡¡common¡£¡¡But¡¡it¡¡

is¡¡MERELY¡¡a¡¡means£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡means¡¡which¡¡needs¡¡to¡¡be¡¡very¡¡carefully¡¡and¡¡

sparingly¡¡used¡¡if¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡to¡¡do¡¡more¡¡harm¡¡than¡¡good¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡

but¡¡the¡¡community£»¡¡the¡¡worldwide¡¡community¡¡of¡¡all¡¡human¡¡beings¡¡present¡¡

and¡¡future£»¡¡that¡¡we¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡serve¡£¡¡And¡¡a¡¡good¡¡community¡¡does¡¡not¡¡spring¡¡

from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡glory¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡State£»¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡unfettered¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡development¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

individuals£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡happiness¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡daily¡¡¡¡¡¡life£»¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡congenial¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡work¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡giving¡¡

opportunity¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡whatever¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡constructiveness¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡each¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡woman¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡

possess£»¡¡from¡¡free¡¡personal¡¡relations¡¡embodying¡¡love¡¡and¡¡taking¡¡away¡¡the¡¡

roots¡¡of¡¡envy¡¡in¡¡thwarted¡¡capacity¡¡from¡¡affection£»¡¡and¡¡above¡¡all¡¡from¡¡the¡¡

joy¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡life¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡expression¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡spontaneous¡¡¡¡¡¡creations¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡art¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

science¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡these¡¡things¡¡that¡¡make¡¡an¡¡age¡¡or¡¡a¡¡nation¡¡worthy¡¡of¡¡existence£»¡¡

and¡¡these¡¡things¡¡are¡¡not¡¡to¡¡be¡¡secured¡¡by¡¡bowing¡¡down¡¡before¡¡the¡¡State¡£¡¡It¡¡

is¡¡the¡¡individual¡¡in¡¡whom¡¡all¡¡that¡¡is¡¡good¡¡must¡¡be¡¡realized£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡free¡¡

growth¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡individual¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡supreme¡¡¡¡¡¡end¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡political¡¡¡¡¡¡system¡¡

which¡¡is¡¡to¡¡re¡­fashion¡¡the¡¡world¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CHAPTER¡¡VI¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡INTERNATIONAL¡¡RELATIONS¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡main¡¡objects¡¡which¡¡should¡¡be¡¡served¡¡by¡¡international¡¡relations¡¡

may¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡taken¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡two£º¡¡¡¡¡¡First£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡avoidance¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡wars£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and£»¡¡¡¡¡¡second£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

prevention¡¡of¡¡the¡¡oppression¡¡of¡¡weak¡¡nations¡¡by¡¡strong¡¡ones¡£¡¡These¡¡two¡¡

objects¡¡do¡¡not¡¡by¡¡any¡¡means¡¡necessarily¡¡lead¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡direction£»¡¡since¡¡

one¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡easiest¡¡¡¡¡¡ways¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡securing¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡world's¡¡¡¡¡¡peace¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

combination¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡powerful¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡States¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡exploitation¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡93¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡94¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



oppression¡¡of¡¡the¡¡remainder¡£¡¡This¡¡method£»¡¡however£»¡¡is¡¡not¡¡one¡¡which¡¡the¡¡

lover¡¡of¡¡liberty¡¡can¡¡favor¡£¡¡We¡¡must¡¡keep¡¡account¡¡of¡¡both¡¡aims¡¡and¡¡not¡¡be¡¡

content¡¡with¡¡either¡¡alone¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡One¡¡of¡¡the¡¡commonplaces¡¡of¡¡both¡¡Socialism¡¡and¡¡Anarchism¡¡is¡¡that¡¡all¡¡

modern¡¡¡¡¡¡wars¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡due¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡capitalism£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡cease¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡capitalism¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡

abolished¡£¡¡This¡¡view£»¡¡to¡¡my¡¡mind£»¡¡is¡¡only¡¡a¡¡half¡­truth£»¡¡the¡¡half¡¡that¡¡is¡¡true¡¡

is¡¡important£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡half¡¡that¡¡is¡¡untrue¡¡i

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ