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第37章

madam how and lady why(豪夫人和怀女士)-第37章

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compared   with   theirs。      One   single   reef;   for   instance;   which   is   entirely 

made by them; stretches along the north…east coast of Australia for nearly a 

thousand miles。        Of this you must read some day in Mr。 Jukes's Voyage 

of   H。M。S。   〃Fly。〃    Every  island   throughout   a great   part   of   the   Pacific   is 

fringed round each with its coral…reef; and there are hundreds of islands of 

strange shapes; and of Atolls; as they are called; or ring…islands; which are 

composed entirely of coral; and of nothing else。 

     A ring…island?       How can an island be made in the shape of a ring? 

     Ah! it was a long time before men found out that riddle。                  Mr。 Darwin 

was the first to guess the answer; as he has guessed many an answer beside。 

These   islands   are   each   a   ring;   or   nearly   a   ring   of   coral;   with   smooth 

shallow water inside:         but their outsides run down; like a mountain wall; 

sheer   into   seas   hundreds   of   fathoms   deep。     People   used   to   believe;   and 

reasonably   enough;   that   the   coral   polypes   began   to   build   up   the   islands 

from the very bottom of the deep sea。 

     But that would not account for the top of them being of the shape of a 

ring; and in time it was found out that the corals would not build except in 

shallow   water;   twenty   or   thirty   fathoms   deep   at   most;   and   men   were   at 

their wits' ends to find out the riddle。 Then said Mr。 Darwin; 〃Suppose one 

of those beautiful South Sea Islands; like Tahiti; the Queen of Isles; with 

its ring of coral… reef all round its shore; began sinking slowly under the 

sea。    The land; as it sunk; would be gone for good and all:                but the coral… 

reef round it would not; because the coral polypes would build up and up 

continually upon the skeletons of their dead parents; to get to the surface 

of the water; and would keep close to the top outside; however much the 

land sunk inside; and when the island had sunk completely beneath the sea; 



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what would be left?          What must be left but a ring of coral reef; around 

the spot where the last mountain peak of the island sank beneath the sea?〃 

And so Mr。 Darwin explained the shapes of hundreds of coral islands in 

the Pacific; and proved; too; some strange things besides (he proved; and 

other   men;   like   Mr。   Wallace;   whose   excellent   book   on   the   East   Indian 

islands you must read some day; have proved in other ways) that there was 

once a great continent; joined perhaps to Australia and to New Guinea; in 

the   Pacific   Ocean;   where   is   now   nothing   but   deep   sea;   and   coral…reefs 

which mark the mountain ranges of that sunken world。 

     But how   does the   coral ever   rise above   the surface   of the   water   and 

turn into hard stone? 

     Of course the coral polypes cannot build above the high…tide mark; but 

the surf which beats upon them piles up their broken fragments just as a 

sea…beach is piled up; and hammers them together with that water hammer 

which   is   heavier   and   stronger   than   any   you   have   ever   seen   in   a   smith's 

forge。     And   then;   as   is   the   fashion   of   lime;   the   whole   mass   sets   and 

becomes hard; as you may see mortar set; and so you have a low island a 

few feet above the sea。        Then sea…birds come to it; and rest and build; and 

seeds   are   floated thither   from  far   lands;   and among   them  almost   always 

the cocoa… nut; which loves to grow by the sea…shore; and groves of cocoa 

palms grow up upon the lonely isle。             Then; perhaps; trees and bushes are 

drifted thither before the trade…wind; and entangled in their roots are seeds 

of other plants; and eggs or cocoons of insects; and so a few flowers and a 

few butterflies and beetles set up for themselves upon the new land。                   And 

then a bird or two; caught in a storm and blown away to sea finds shelter 

in the cocoa…grove; and so a little new world is set up; in which (you must 

remember always) there are no four…footed beasts; nor snakes; nor lizards; 

nor frogs; nor any animals that cannot cross the sea。 And on some of those 

islands they may live (indeed there is reason to believe they have lived); so 

long; that some of them have changed their forms; according to the laws of 

Madam How; who sooner or later fits each thing exactly for the place in 

which it is meant to live; till upon some of them you may find such strange 

and unique creatures as the famous cocoa…nut crab; which learned men call 

Birgus latro。      A great crab he is; who walks upon the tips of his toes a 



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foot high above the ground。          And because he has often nothing to eat but 

cocoa…nuts; or at least they are the best things he can find; cocoa…nuts he 

has learned to eat; and after a fashion which it would puzzle you to imitate。 

Some say that he climbs up the stems of the cocoa…nut trees; and pulls the 

fruit down for himself; but that; it seems; he does not usually do。 What he 

does is this:     when he finds a fallen cocoa…nut; he begins tearing away the 

thick husk   and fibre   with his   strong   claws; and he knows perfectly  well 

which end to tear it from; namely; from the end where the three eye…holes 

are; which you call the monkey's face; out of one of which you know; the 

young cocoa…nut tree would burst forth。            And when he has got to the eye… 

holes; he hammers through one of them with the point of his heavy claw。 

So far; so good:       but how is he to get the meat out?            He cannot put his 

claw in。     He has no proboscis like a butterfly to insert and suck with。 He 

is as far off from his dinner as the fox was when the stork offered him a 

feast in a long…necked jar。         What then do you think he does?             He turns 

himself round; puts in a pair of his hind pincers; which are very slender; 

and with them scoops the meat out of the cocoa…nut; and so puts his dinner 

into his mouth with his hind feet。          And even the cocoa…nut husk he does 

not waste; for he lives in deep burrows which he makes like a rabbit; and 

being a luxurious crab; and liking to sleep soft in spite of his hard shell; he 

lines them with a quantity of cocoa…nut fibre; picked out clean and fine; 

just as if he was going to make cocoa…nut matting of it。              And being also a 

clean crab; as I hope you are a clean little boy; he goes down to the sea 

every night to have his bath and moisten his gills; and so lives happy all 

his days; and gets so fat in his old age that he carries about his body nearly 

a quart of pure oil。 

     That is the history of the cocoa…nut crab。          And if any one tells me that 

that   crab   acts   only   on   what   is   called   〃instinct〃;   and   does   not   think   and 

reason; just as you and I think and reason; though of course not in words 

as you and I do:       then I shall be inclined to say that that person does not 

think nor reason either。 

     Then were there many coral…reefs in Britain in old times? 

     Yes; many and many; again and again; some whole ages older than this; 

a bit of which you see; and some again whole ages newer。 But look:                   then 



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judge for yourself。       Look at this geological map。 Wherever you see a bit 

of blue; which is the mark for limestone; you may say; 〃There is a bit of 

old   coral…reef   rising   up   to   the   surface。〃 But   because   I   will   not   puzzle 

your little head with t

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