the dominion of the air-第25章
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in due place； be recorded of scientific explorers； the point to be borne in mind being that； as was mentioned in a former chapter； such observations will have to be regarded as giving readings which are somewhat too high in ascents and too low in descents。 Two forms of thermometers at extremely simple construction； yet possessed of great sensibility； will be discussed in later chapters。
The thermometers that Welsh used were undoubtedIy far superior to any that were devised before his time and it is much to be regretted that they were allowed to fall into disuse。 Perhaps the most important stricture on the observations that will have to be recorded is that the observers were not provided with a base station； on which account the value of results was impaired。 It was not realised that it was necessary to make observations on the ground to compare with those that were being made at high altitudes。
Welsh made； in all； four ascents in the summer and autumn of 1852 and in his report he is careful to give the highest praise to his colleague； Green； whose control over his balloon he describes as 〃so complete that none who accompanied him can be otherwise than relieved from all apprehension； and free to devote attention calmly to the work before him。〃
The first ascent was made at 3。49 p。m。 on August the 17th； under a south wind and with clouds covering some three…quarters of the sky。 Welsh's first remark significant； and will be appreciated by anyone who has attempted observational work in a balloon。 He states naively that 〃a short time was lost at first in an attempt to put the instruments into more convenient order； and also from the novelty of the situation。〃 Then he mentions an observation which； in the experience of the writer； is a common one。 The lowest clouds； which were about 2；500 feet high and not near the balloon； were passed without being noticed； other clouds were passed at different heights； and； finally； a few star…shaped crystals of snow； but the sun shone almost constantly。 Little variation occurred in the direction of travel； which averaged thirty…eight miles an hour； and the descent took place at 5。20 p。m。 at Swavesey； near Cambridge。
The second ascent took place at 4。43 p。m。 on August 26th； under a gentle east wind and a partially obscured sky。 The clouds were again passed without being perceived。 This was at the height of 3；000 feet； beyond which was very clear sky of deep blue。 The air currents up to the limits of 12；000 feet set from varying directions。 The descent occurred near Chesham at 7。45 p。m。
The third ascent； at 2。35 p。m。 on October the 21st was made into a sky covered with dense cloud masses lying within 3；000 and 3；700 feet。 The sun was then seen shining through cirrus far up。 The shadow of the balloon was also seen on the cloud； fringed with a glory； and about this time there was seen 〃stretching for a considerable length in a serpentine course； over the surface of the cloud； a well…defined belt； having the appearance of a broad road。〃
Being now at 12；000 feet； Green thought it prudent to reconnoitre his position； and； finding they were near the sea； descended at 4。20 p。m。 at Rayleigh； in Essex。 Some important notes on the polarisation of the clouds were made。
The fourth and final voyage was made in a fast wind averaging fifty knots from the north…east。 Thin scud was met at 1；900 feet； and an upper stratum at 4；500 feet； beyond which was bright sun。 The main shift of wind took place just as the upper surface of the first stratum was reached。 In this ascent Welsh reached his greatest elevation； 22；930 feet； when both Green and himself experienced considerable difficulty in respiration and much fatigue。 The sea being now perceived rapidly approaching； a hasty descent was made； and many of the instruments were broken。
In summarising his results Welsh states that 〃the temperature of the air decreases uniformly with height above the earth's surface until at a certain elevation； varying on different days； decrease is arrested； and for the space of 2；000 or 3；000 feet the temperature remains nearly constant； or even increases； the regular diminution being again resumed and generally maintained at a rate slightly less rapid than in the lower part of the atmosphere； and commencing from a higher temperature than would have existed but for the interruption noticed。〃 The analysis of the upper air showed the proportion of oxygen and nitrogen to vary scarcely more than at different spots on the earth。
As it is necessary at this point to take leave of the veteran Green as a practical aeronaut； we may here refer to one or two noteworthy facts and incidents relating to his eventful career。 In 1850 M。 Poitevin is said to have attracted 140；000 people to Paris to look at an exhibition of himself ascending in a balloon seated on horseback； after which Madame Poitevin ascended from Cremorne Gardens in the same manner； the exhibition being intended as a representation of 〃Europa on a Bull。〃 This； however； was discountenanced by the authorities and withdrawn。 The feats were； in reality； merely the repetitions of one that had been conceived and extremely well carried out by Green many years beforeas long ago； in fact； as 1828； when he arranged to make an ascent from the Eagle Tavern； City Road； seated on a pony。 To carry out his intention； he discarded the ordinary car； replacing it with a small platform； which was provided with places to receive the pony's feet； while straps attached to the hoop were passed under the animal's body； preventing it from lying down or from making any violent movement。 This the creature seemed in no way disposed to attempt； and when all had been successfully carried out and an easy descent effected at Beckenham； the pony was discovered eating a meal of beans with which it had been supplied。
Several interesting observations have been recorded by Green on different occasions； some of which are highly instructive from a practical or scientific point of view。 On an ascent from Vauxhall； in which he was accompanied by his friend Spencer and Mr。 Rush； he recorded how； as he constantly and somewhat rapidly rose； the wind changed its direction from N。W。 through N。 to N。E。； while he remained over the metropolis； the balloon all the while rotating on its axis。 This continual swinging or revolving of the balloon Green considers an accompaniment of either a rapid ascent or descent； but it may be questioned whether it is not merely a consequence of changing currents； or； sometimes； of an initial spin given inadvertently to the balloon at the moment of its being liberated。 The phenomenon of marked change which he describes in the upper currents is highly interesting； and tallies with what the writer has frequently experienced over London proper。 Such higher currents may be due to natural environment； and to conditions necessarily prevailing over so vast and varied a city； and they may be able to play an all…important part in the dispersal of London smoke or fog。 This point will be touched on later。 In this particular voyage Green records that as he was rising at the moment when his barometer reached 19 inches； the thermometer he carried registered 46 degrees； while on coming down； when the barometer again marked 19 inches； the same thermometer recorded only 22 degrees。 It will not fail to be recognised that there is doubtless here an example of the errors alluded to above； inseparable from readings taken in ascent and descent。
A calculation made by Green in his earlier years has a certain value。 By the time he had accomplished 200 ascents he was at pains to compute that he had travelled across country some 6；000 miles； which had been traversed in 240 hours。 From this it would follow that the mean rate of travel in aerial voyages will be about twenty…five miles per hour。 Towards the end of his career we find it stated by Lieutenant G。 Grover； R。E。； that 〃the Messrs。 Green； Father and Son； have made between them some 930 ascents； in none of which have they met with any material accident or failure。〃 This is wonderful testimony； indeed； and we may here add the fact that the father took up his own father； then at the age of eighty…three； in a balloon as
