criminal psychology-第88章

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onies　of　the　witnesses　themselves。

Whoever　does　not　believe　in　the　importance　of　conducting　the　examination　at　the　place　of　an　event；　needs　only　to　repeat　his　examination　twice；　once　at　the　court；　and　again　at　the　placethen　he　certainly　will　doubt　no　more。　Of　course　the　thing　should　not　be　so　done　that　the　event　should　be　discussed　with　the　witness　at　the　place　of　its　occurrence　and　then　the　protocol　written　in　the　house　of　the　mayor；　or　in　an　inn　half　an　hour　awaythe　protocol　must　to　the　very　last　stroke　of　the　pen　be　written　then　and　there；　in　order　that　every　impression　may　be　renewed　and　every　smallest　doubt　studied　and　corrected。　Then　the　differences　between　what　has　passed；　what　has　been　later　added；　and　what　is　found　to…day　can　be　easily　determined　by　sticking　to　the　rule　of　Uphues；　that　the　recognition　of　the　present　as　present　is　always　necessary　for　the　eventual　recognition　of　the　past。　Kant　has　already　suggested　what　surprising　results　such　an　examination　will　give：　‘‘There　are　many　ideas　which　we　shall　never　again　in　our　lives　be　conscious　of；　unless　some　occasion　cause　them　to　spring　up　in　the　memory。''　But　such　a　particularly　powerful　occasion　is　locality；　inasmuch　as　it　brings　into　play　all　the　influences　which　our　senses　are　capable　of　responding　to。＇1＇


＇1＇　Jost：　ber　Gedchtnisbildung。


Of　course　the　possibility　of　artificially…stimulated　memory　disappears　like　all　memory；　with　the　lapse　of　time。　As　a　matter　of　fact；　we　know　that　those　of　our　experiences　which　concern　particular　persons　and　things；　and　which　are　recalled　at　the　sight　of　those　persons　and　things；　become；　later　on；　when　the　connections　of　images　have　been　broken；　capable　only　of　awakening　general　notions；　even　though　the　persons　or　things　are　as　absolutely　present　as　before。　But　very　unfavorable　circumstances　must　have　been　at　work　before　such　a　situation　can　develop。

It　is　characteristic；　as　is　popularly　known；　that　memory　can　be　intensified　by　means　of　special　occasions。　It　is　Hfler's　opinion　that　the　Spartan　boys　were　whipped　at　the　boundary　stones　of　their　country　in　order　that　they　might　recall　their　position；　and　even　now…a…days　our　peasants　have　the　custom；　when　setting　up　new　boundary　stones；　of　grasping　small　boys　by　the　ears　and　hair　in　　order　that　they　shall　the　better　remember　the　position　of　the　new　boundary　mark　when；　as　grown　men；　they　will　be　questioned　about　it。　This　being　the　case；　it　is　safer　to　believe　a　witness　when　he　can　demonstrate　some　intensely　influential　event　which　was　contemporaneous　with　the　situation　under　discussion；　and　which　reminds　him　of　that　situation。


Section　54。　（c）　The　Peculiarities　of　Reproduction。

The　differences　in　memory　which　men　exhibit　are　not；　among　their　other　human　qualities；　the　least。　As　is　well　known；　this　difference　is　expressed　not　only　in　the　vigor；　reliability；　and　promptness　of　their　memory；　but　also　in　the　field　of　memory；　in　the　accompaniment　of　rapid　prehensivity　by　rapid　forgetfulness；　or　slow　prehensivity　and　slow　forgetfulness；　or　in　the　contrast　between　narrow；　but　intense　memory；　and　broad　but　approximate　memory。

Certain　special　considerations　arise　with　regard　to　the　field　of　greatest　memory。　As　a　rule；　it　may　be　presupposed　that　a　memory　which　has　developed　with　especial　vigor　in　one　direction　has　generally　done　this　at　the　cost　of　memory　in　another　direction。　Thus；　as　a　rule；　memory　for　numbers　and　memory　for　names　exclude　each　other。　My　father　had　so　bad　a　memory　for　names　that　very　frequently　he　could　not　quickly　recall　my　Christian　name；　and　I　was　his　own　son。　Frequently　he　had　to　repeat　the　names　of　his　four　brothers　until　he　hit　upon　mine；　and　that　was　not　always　a　successful　way。＇1＇　When　he　undertook　an　introduction　it　was　always：　‘‘My　honored　mmm；''‘‘The　dear　friend　of　my　youth　mmm。''　On　the　other　hand；　his　memory　for　figures　was　astounding。　He　noted　and　remembered　not　only　figures　that　interested　him　for　one　reason　or　another；　but　also　those　that　had　not　the　slightest　connection　with　him；　and　that　he　had　read　merely　by　accident。　He　could　recall　instantaneously　the　population　of　countries　and　cities；　and　I　remember　that　once；　in　the　course　of　an　accidental　conversation；　he　mentioned　the　production　of　beetroot　in　a　certain　country　for　the　last　ten　years；　or　the　factory　number　of　my　watch　that　he　had　given　me　fifteen　years　before　and　had　never　since　held　in　his　hand。　He　often　said　that　the　figures　he　carried　in　his　head　troubled　him。　In　this　regard　the　symptom　may　be　mentioned　that　he　was　not　a　good　mathematician；　but　so　exceptional　a　card　player　that　nobody　wanted　to　play　with　him。　He　noticed　　every　single　card　dealt　and　could　immediately　calculate　what　cards　each　player　had；　and　was　able　to　say　at　the　beginning　of　the　game　how　many　points　each　must　have。


＇1＇　Cf。　S。　Freud　Psychopathologie　des　Alltagsleben。


Such　various　developments　are　numerous　and　of　importance　for　us　because　we　frequently　are　unwilling　to　believe　the　witness　testifying　in　a　certain　field　for　the　reason　that　his　memory　in　another　field　had　shown　itself　to　be　unreliable。　Schubert　and　Drobisch　cite　examples　of　this　sort　of　thing；　but　the　observations　of　moderns；　like　Charcot　and　Binet；　concerning　certain　lightning　calculators　（Inaudi；　Diamandi；　etc。）；　confirm　the　fact　that　the　memory　for　figures　is　developed　at　the　expense　of　other　matters。　Linn