criminal psychology-第85章

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at　man；　when　I　first　saw　him；　might　have　worn；　perhaps；　a　red　necktie；　let　us　say　poppy…redit　may　now　happen　that　every　time　I　hear　that　bell…note　I　think　of　a　field　of　poppy…flowers。　Now　who　can　pursue　this　road　of　association？

3。　‘‘Accluding　occurrence；''　in　which；　in　the　process　of　the　longest　possible　calm　retention　of　an　idea；　another　appears　of　itself　and　associates　with　the　first。　E。　g。；　I　meet　a　man　who　greets　me　although　I　do　not　recognize　him。　I　may　perhaps　know　who　he　is；　but　I　do　not　spontaneously　think　of　it　and　can　not　get　at　his　identity　constructively；　because　of　lack　of　material。　I　therefore　expect　something　from　this　‘‘accluding　occurrence''　and　with　my　eyes　shut　I　try　as　long　as　possible　to　keep　in　mind　the　idea　of　this　man。　Suddenly；　I　see　him　before　me　with　serious　face　and　folded　hands；　on　his　right　a　similar　individual　and　a　similar　one　on　his　left；　above　them　a　high　window　with　a　curtainthe　man　was　a　juryman　who　sat　opposite　me。　But　the　memory　is　not　exhausted　with　this。　I　aim　to　banish　his　image　as　seated　and　keep　him　again　before　my　eyes。　I　see　an　apparent　gate　beyond　him　with　shelves　behind；　it　is　the　image　of　a　shop…keeper　in　a　small　town　who　is　standing　before　　the　door　of　his　shop。　I　hold　this　image　straining　before　my　eyes　suddenly　a　wagon　appears　with　just　that　kind　of　trapping　which　I　have　only　once　seen　to　deck　the　equipage　of　a　land…owner。　I　know　well　who　this　is；　what　the　little　town　near　his　estate　is　called；　and　now　I　suddenly　know　that　the　man　whose　name　I　want　to　remember　is　the　merchant　X　of　Y　who　once　was　a　juryman　in　my　court。　This　means　of　the　longest　possible　retention　of　an　idea；　I　have　made　frequent　use　of　with　the　more　intelligent　witnesses　（it　rarely　succeeds　with　women　because　they　are　restless）；　and　all　in　all；　with　surprising　effects。

4。　‘‘Retrospective　occurrence；''　which　consists　of　the　development　of　associations　backward。　E。　g。do　what　I　will；　I　can　not　remember　the　name　of　a　certain　man；　but　I　know　that　he　has　a　title　to　nobility；　which　is　identical　with　the　name　of　a　small　town　in　Obertfalz。　Finally；　the　name　of　the　town　Hirschau　occurs　to　me；　and　now　I　easily　associate　backwards；　‘‘Schaller　von　Hirschau。''　It　is；　of　course；　natural　that　words　should　unroll　themselves　forwards　with　habitual　ease；　but　backwards　only　when　we　think　of　the　word　we　are　trying　to　remember；　as　written；　and　then　associate　the　whole　as　a　MS。　image。　This　is　unhappily　difficult　to　use　in　helping　another。



Topic　6。　RECOLLECTION　AND　MEMORY。

Section　51。

In　direct　connection　with　the　association　of　ideas　is　our　recollection　and　memory；　which　are　only　next　to　perception　in　legal　importance　in　the　knowledge　of　the　witness。　Whether　the　witness　_*wants_　to　tell　the　truth　is；　of　course；　a　question　which　depends　upon　other　matters；　but　whether　he　_*can_　tell　the　truth　depends　upon　perception　and　memory。　Now　the　latter　is　a　highly　complicated　and　variously　organized　function　which　is　difficult　to　understand；　even　in　the　daily　life；　and　much　more　so　when　everything　depends　upon　whether　the　witness　has　noticed　anything；　how；　how　long；　what　part　of　the　impression　has　sunk　more　deeply　into　his　mind；　and　in　what　direction　his　defects　of　memory　are　to　be　sought。　It　would　be　inexcusable　in　the　lawyer　not　to　think　about　this　and　to　make　equivalent　use　of　all　the　phenomena　that　are　presented　to　him。　To　overlook　the　rich　literature　and　enormous　work　that　has　been　devoted　to　this　subject　is　to　raise　involuntarily　the　question；　for　whom　was　it　all　done？　Nobody　needs　a　thorough…going　knowledge　of　the　essence　of　memory　more　than　the　lawyer。　

I　advise　every　criminalist　to　study　the　literature　of　memory　and　recommend　the　works　of　Mnsterberg；　Ribot；　Ebbinghaus；　Cattell；　Krpelin；　Lasson；　Nicolai　Lange；　Arreat；　Richet；　Forel；　Galton；　Biervliet；　Paneth；　Fauth；　Sander；　Koch；　Lehmann；　F；　Jodl；＇1＇　etc。


＇1＇　H。　Mnsterberg：　Beitrge　II；　IV。　　H。　Ebbinghaus：　ber　das　Gedchtnis。　Leipzig　1885。　　J。　M。　Cattell：　Mind；　Vols。　11…15。　（Articles。）　　J。　Bourdon：　Influence　de　l'Age　sur　la　Memoire　Imm