±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > criminal psychology >

µÚ68ÕÂ

criminal psychology-µÚ68ÕÂ

С˵£º criminal psychology ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



ut¡¡detection¡¡because¡¡the¡¡others¡¡could¡¡not¡¡see¡¡the¡¡books¡£

How¡¡quickly¡¡we¡¡get¡¡used¡¡to¡¡darkness¡¡and¡¡how¡¡much¡¡more¡¡we¡¡see¡¡after¡¡a¡¡while£»¡¡is¡¡well¡¡known¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡also¡¡certain¡¡that¡¡the¡¡longer¡¡you¡¡are¡¡in¡¡darkness¡¡the¡¡more¡¡you¡¡see¡£¡¡You¡¡see¡¡more¡¡at¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡a¡¡day¡¡than¡¡after¡¡a¡¡few¡¡hours£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡a¡¡year£»¡¡still¡¡more¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¡eye£»¡¡perhaps£»¡¡changes¡¡in¡¡some¡¡degree¡¡for¡¡just¡¡this¡¡purpose¡£¡¡But¡¡a¡¡prolonged¡¡use¡¡of¡¡the¡¡visual¡¡mechanism¡¡tends¡¡to¡¡hypertrophy¡¡or¡¡atrophy£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡eyes¡¡of¡¡deep¡­sea¡¡fishes¡¡show¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡well£»¡¡in¡¡any¡¡event£»¡¡to¡¡be¡¡careful¡¡about¡¡contradicting¡¡the¡¡testimonies¡¡of¡¡patients¡¡who¡¡have¡¡long¡¡lived¡¡in¡¡the¡¡dark£»¡¡concerning¡¡what¡¡they¡¡have¡¡seen¡£¡¡The¡¡power¡¡to¡¡see¡¡in¡¡the¡¡dark¡¡is¡¡so¡¡various¡¡that¡¡without¡¡examination£»¡¡much¡¡injustice¡¡may¡¡be¡¡done¡£¡¡Some¡¡people¡¡see¡¡almost¡¡nothing¡¡at¡¡twilight£»¡¡others¡¡see¡¡at¡¡night¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡cats¡£¡¡And¡¡in¡¡court¡¡these¡¡differences¡¡must¡¡be¡¡established¡¡and¡¡experimentally¡¡verified¡£

The¡¡second¡¡important¡¡element¡¡is¡¡the¡¡innervation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡muscles¡¡in¡¡consequence¡¡of¡¡movement¡¡merely¡¡seen¡£¡¡So¡¡Stricker¡¡points¡¡out£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡sight¡¡of¡¡a¡¡man¡¡carrying¡¡a¡¡heavy¡¡load¡¡made¡¡him¡¡feel¡¡tension¡¡in¡¡the¡¡muscles¡¡involved£»¡¡and¡¡again£»¡¡when¡¡he¡¡saw¡¡soldiers¡¡exercising£»¡¡he¡¡almost¡¡was¡¡compelled¡¡openly¡¡to¡¡act¡¡as¡¡they¡£¡¡In¡¡every¡¡case¡¡the¡¡muscular¡¡innervation¡¡followed¡¡the¡¡visual¡¡stimulus¡£

This¡¡may¡¡sound¡¡improbable¡¡but£»¡¡nevertheless£»¡¡everybody¡¡to¡¡some¡¡degree¡¡does¡¡the¡¡identical¡¡things¡£¡¡And¡¡at¡¡law¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡may¡¡be¡¡of¡¡importance¡¡in¡¡cases¡¡of¡¡assault¡¡and¡¡battery¡£¡¡Since¡¡I¡¡learned¡¡it£»¡¡I¡¡have¡¡repeatedly¡¡observed¡¡in¡¡such¡¡cases£»¡¡from¡¡harmless¡¡assault¡¡to¡¡murder£»¡¡that¡¡people£»¡¡although¡¡they¡¡had¡¡not¡¡been¡¡seen¡¡to¡¡deal¡¡any¡¡blows£»¡¡were¡¡often¡¡accused¡¡of¡¡complicity¡¡simply¡¡because¡¡they¡¡were¡¡making¡¡suspicious¡¡movements¡¡that¡¡led¡¡to¡¡the¡¡following¡¡inference£º¡¡¡®¡®They¡¡stuck¡¡their¡¡hands¡¡into¡¡their¡¡trousers¡¡pocket¡¡looking¡¡for¡¡a¡¡knife£»¡¡clenched¡¡their¡¡fists£»¡¡looked¡¡as¡¡if¡¡they¡¡were¡¡about¡¡to¡¡jump£»¡¡swung¡¡their¡¡hands¡£''¡¡In¡¡many¡¡such¡¡cases¡¡it¡¡appeared¡¡that¡¡the¡¡suspects¡¡were¡¡harmless¡¡spectators¡¡who¡¡were¡¡simply¡¡more¡¡obvious¡¡in¡¡their¡¡innervation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡muscles¡¡involved¡¡in¡¡the¡¡assault¡¡they¡¡were¡¡eagerly¡¡witnessing¡£¡¡This¡¡fact¡¡should¡¡be¡¡well¡¡kept¡¡in¡¡mind£»¡¡it¡¡may¡¡relieve¡¡many¡¡an¡¡innocent¡£


Section¡¡38¡£¡¡£¨2£©¡¡_Color¡¡Vision_¡£

Concerning¡¡color¡¡vision¡¡only¡¡a¡¡few¡¡facts¡¡will¡¡be¡¡mentioned£º¡¡1¡£¡¡It¡¡will¡¡be¡¡worth¡¡while£»¡¡first¡¡of¡¡all£»¡¡to¡¡consider¡¡whether¡¡color¡¡exists¡£¡¡Liebmann¡¡holds¡¡that¡¡if¡¡all¡¡the¡¡people¡¡were¡¡blind¡¡to¡¡red£»¡¡red¡¡would¡¡not¡¡exist£»¡¡red£»¡¡i¡£¡¡e¡££»¡¡is¡¡some¡¡cervical¡¡phantasy¡£¡¡So¡¡are¡¡light£»¡¡sound£»¡¡warmth£»¡¡taste£»¡¡etc¡£¡¡With¡¡other¡¡senses¡¡we¡¡have¡¡another¡¡world¡£¡¡According¡¡to¡¡Helmholtz£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡senseless¡¡to¡¡ask¡¡whether¡¡cinnabar¡¡is¡¡red¡¡as¡¡we¡¡see¡¡it¡¡or¡¡is¡¡only¡¡so¡¡as¡¡an¡¡optical¡¡illusion¡£¡¡¡®¡®The¡¡sensation¡¡of¡¡red¡¡is¡¡the¡¡normal¡¡reaction¡¡of¡¡normally¡¡constructed¡¡eyes¡¡to¡¡light¡¡reflected¡¡from¡¡cinnabar¡£¡¡A¡¡person¡¡blind¡¡to¡¡red£»¡¡will¡¡see¡¡cinnabar¡¡as¡¡black£»¡¡or¡¡a¡¡dark¡¡grayish¡¡yellow£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡is¡¡the¡¡correct¡¡reaction¡¡¡¡for¡¡these¡¡abnormal¡¡eyes¡£¡¡But¡¡he¡¡needs¡¡to¡¡know¡¡that¡¡his¡¡eyes¡¡are¡¡different¡¡from¡¡those¡¡of¡¡other¡¡people¡£¡¡In¡¡itself¡¡the¡¡sensation¡¡is¡¡neither¡¡more¡¡correct¡¡nor¡¡less¡¡correct¡¡than¡¡any¡¡other¡¡even¡¡though¡¡those¡¡who¡¡can¡¡see¡¡red¡¡are¡¡in¡¡the¡¡great¡¡majority¡£¡¡The¡¡red¡¡color¡¡of¡¡cinnabar¡¡exists¡¡as¡¡such¡¡only¡¡in¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡there¡¡are¡¡eyes¡¡which¡¡are¡¡similar¡¡to¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡majority¡¡of¡¡mankind¡£¡¡As¡¡such¡¡light¡¡reflected¡¡from¡¡cinnabar¡¡may¡¡not¡¡properly¡¡be¡¡called¡¡red£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡red¡¡only¡¡for¡¡especial¡¡kinds¡¡of¡¡eyes¡£''¡¡This¡¡is¡¡so¡¡unconditionally¡¡incorrect¡¡that¡¡an¡¡impartial¡¡judge¡¡of¡¡photography¡¡says£§1£§¡¡that¡¡everything¡¡that¡¡normal¡¡eyes¡¡call¡¡violet¡¡and¡¡blue£»¡¡is¡¡very¡¡bright£»¡¡and¡¡everything¡¡they¡¡call¡¡green¡¡and¡¡red¡¡is¡¡very¡¡dark¡£¡¡The¡¡red¡­blind¡¡person¡¡will¡¡see¡¡as¡¡equal¡¡certain¡¡natural¡¡reds£»¡¡greens¡¡and¡¡gray¡­yellows£»¡¡both¡¡in¡¡intensity¡¡and¡¡shadow¡£¡¡But¡¡on¡¡the¡¡photograph¡¡he¡¡will¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡distinguish¡¡the¡¡differences¡¡in¡¡brightness¡¡caused¡¡by¡¡these¡¡three¡¡otherwise¡¡identical¡¡colors¡£¡¡We¡¡may£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡assume¡¡that¡¡colors¡¡possess¡¡_*objective_¡¡differences£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡these¡¡objective¡¡differences¡¡are¡¡perceived¡¡even¡¡by¡¡persons¡¡of¡¡normal¡¡vision¡£¡¡But¡¡whether¡¡I¡¡am¡¡able¡¡to¡¡sense¡¡the¡¡same¡¡effect¡¡in¡¡red¡¡that¡¡another¡¡senses£»¡¡and¡¡whether¡¡I¡¡should¡¡not¡¡call¡¡red¡¡blue£»¡¡if¡¡I¡¡had¡¡the¡¡color¡­vision¡¡of¡¡another£»¡¡is¡¡as¡¡impossible¡¡to¡¡discover¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡useless¡£¡¡When¡¡the¡¡question¡¡of¡¡color¡¡is¡¡raised£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡we¡¡will¡¡try¡¡to¡¡discover¡¡only¡¡whether¡¡the¡¡person¡¡in¡¡question¡¡has¡¡normal¡¡color¡­¡¡vision£»¡¡or¡¡what¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡and¡¡degree¡¡of¡¡his¡¡abnormality¡¡may¡¡be¡£


£§1£§¡¡W¡£¡¡Heinrich£º¡¡bersicht¡¡der¡¡Methoden¡¡bei¡¡Untersuchung¡¡der¡¡Farbenwahr¡£¡¡nehmungen¡£¡¡Krakau¡¡1900¡£


2¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡unimportant¡¡to¡¡know¡¡whether¡¡single¡¡tints¡¡are¡¡recognizable¡¡in¡¡the¡¡distance¡£¡¡There¡¡have¡¡been¡¡several¡¡examinations¡¡of¡¡this¡¡fact¡£¡¡Aubert£§2£§¡¡constructed¡¡double¡¡squares¡¡of¡¡ten¡¡millimeters¡¡and¡¡determined¡¡the¡¡angle¡¡of¡¡vision¡¡at¡¡which¡¡the¡¡color¡¡as¡¡such¡¡could¡¡be¡¡seen¡£¡¡His¡¡results¡¡were£º

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡COLOR¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡¡¡¡¡WHITE¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡BLACK¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡SQUARE¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡BACKGROUND¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡White¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡39''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Red¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1'¡¡43''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡59''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Light¡¡Green¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1'¡¡54''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1'¡¡49''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Dirty¡¡Red¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡3'¡¡27''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1'¡¡23''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Blue¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡5'¡¡43''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡4'¡¡17''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Brown¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡4'¡¡55''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1'¡¡23''

Light¡¡Blue¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡2'¡¡17''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1'¡¡23''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Orange¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1'¡¡8''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0'¡¡39''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Gray¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡4'¡¡17''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1'¡¡23''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Rose¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡2'¡¡18''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡3'¡¡99''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Yellow¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡3'¡¡27''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡0'¡¡39''


£§2£§¡¡Physiologie¡¡der¡¡Netzha¡£ut¡£¡¡Breslau¡¡1865¡£



It¡¡is¡¡interesting¡¡to¡¡notice¡¡that¡¡the¡¡angle¡¡for¡¡blue¡¡on¡¡a¡¡white¡¡background¡¡is¡¡almost¡¡nine¡¡times¡¡that¡¡for¡¡white£»¡¡orange£»¡¡or¡¡yellow¡¡on¡¡a¡¡black¡¡background¡£¡¡In¡¡cases¡¡where¡¡colors¡¡are¡¡of¡¡importance£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡discover¡¡the¡¡color¡¡and¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡its¡¡background¡¡before¡¡the¡¡accuracy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡witness¡¡can¡¡be¡¡established¡£

3¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡well¡¡known¡¡that¡¡in¡¡the¡¡diminution¡¡of¡¡brightnesses¡¡red¡¡disappears¡¡before¡¡blue£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡at¡¡night£»¡¡when¡¡all¡¡colors¡¡have¡¡disappeared£»¡¡the¡¡blue¡¡of¡¡heaven¡¡is¡¡still¡¡visible¡£¡¡So¡¡if¡¡anybody¡¡asserts¡¡that¡¡he¡¡has¡¡been¡¡able¡¡to¡¡see¡¡the¡¡blue¡¡of¡¡a¡¡man's¡¡coat¡¡but¡¡not¡¡his¡¡red¡­brown¡¡trousers£»¡¡his¡¡statement¡¡is¡¡possibly¡¡true£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡converse¡¡would¡¡be¡¡untrue¡£¡¡But¡¡there¡¡are¡¡no¡¡reliable¡¡or¡¡consonant¡¡accounts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡order¡¡in¡¡which¡¡colors¡¡disappear¡¡in¡¡increasing¡¡darkness¡£¡¡The¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡this¡¡order¡¡would¡¡help¡¡a¡¡great¡¡deal¡¡in¡¡the¡¡administration¡¡of¡¡criminal¡¡justice¡£

4¡£¡¡The¡¡retina¡¡will¡¡not¡¡see¡¡red¡¡at¡¡the¡¡periphery£»¡¡because¡¡there¡¡are¡¡no¡¡red¡¡rods¡¡there¡£¡¡A¡¡stick¡¡of¡¡red¡¡sealing¡¡wax¡¡drawn¡¡across¡¡the¡¡eye¡¡from¡¡right¡¡to¡¡left£»¡¡appears¡¡at¡¡the¡¡periphery¡¡of¡¡the¡¡visual¡¡field¡¡to¡¡be¡¡black¡£¡¡If£»¡¡then£»¡¡a¡¡witness¡¡has¡¡not¡¡looked¡¡right¡¡at¡¡a¡¡definitely¡¡red¡¡object£»¡¡and¡¡has¡¡seen¡¡it¡¡askance£»¡¡he¡¡has¡¡certainly¡¡not¡¡observed¡¡its¡¡color¡£¡¡The¡¡experiment¡¡may¡¡be¡¡made¡¡by¡¡anybody¡£

5¡£¡¡According¡¡to¡¡Quantz£§1£§¡¡objects¡¡in¡¡less¡¡refractable¡¡colors¡¡£¨red£»¡¡orange£»¡¡yellow£»¡¡and¡¡purple£©¡¡look¡¡0¡£2¡¡to¡¡3¡£6£¥¡¡bigger¡¡against¡¡white£»¡¡while¡¡blue£»¡¡blue¡­green£»¡¡and¡¡violet¡¡objects¡¡appear¡¡from¡¡0¡£2¡¡to¡¡2¡£2£¥¡¡smaller¡£¡¡Dark¡¡and¡¡long¡­lined¡¡objects¡¡seem¡¡longer£»¡¡bright¡¡and¡¡horizontal¡¡seem¡¡wider¡£¡¡And¡¡these¡¡facts¡¡are¡¡significant¡¡when¡¡witnesses¡¡judge¡¡of¡¡size¡£


£§1£§¡¡J¡£¡¡O¡£¡¡Quantz£º¡¡The¡¡Influence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Color¡¡of¡¡Surfaces¡¡on¡¡our¡¡Estimation¡¡of¡¡their¡¡Magnitudes¡£¡¡Am¡£¡¡Journal¡¡of¡¡Psychology¡¡VII£»¡¡95¡£


6¡£¡¡If¡¡colors¡¡are¡¡observed¡¡through¡¡small¡¡openings£»¡¡especially¡¡through¡¡very¡¡small¡¡holes£»¡¡the¡¡nuances¡¡become¡¡essentially¡¡different¡¡and¡¡green¡¡may¡¡even¡¡seem¡¡colorless¡£

7¡£¡¡According¡¡to¡¡Aubert£»¡¡sparkle¡¡consists¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡one¡¡point¡¡in¡¡a¡¡body¡¡is¡¡very¡¡bright¡¡while¡¡the¡¡brightness¡¡diminishes¡¡almost¡¡absolutely¡¡from¡¡that¡¡point£»¡¡e¡£¡¡g¡££»¡¡a¡¡glancing¡¡wire¡¡has¡¡a¡¡very¡¡narrow¡¡bright¡¡line¡¡with¡¡deep¡¡shadows¡¡on¡¡each¡¡side£»¡¡a¡¡ball¡¡of¡¡mercury¡¡in¡¡a¡¡thermometer£»¡¡a¡¡shining¡¡point¡¡and¡¡then¡¡deep¡¡shadow¡£¡¡When¡¡we¡¡see¡¡this¡¡we¡¡say¡¡it¡¡sparkles¡¡because¡¡we¡¡unite¡¡it¡¡with¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of¡¡similar¡¡observations¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡therefore¡¡conceivable¡¡that¡¡at¡¡a¡¡great¡¡distance£»¡¡under¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡sharp¡¡or¡¡accidental¡¡illuminations£»¡¡etc¡££»¡¡we¡¡are¡¡likely¡¡to¡¡see¡¡things¡¡as¡¡sparkling¡¡which¡¡do¡¡not¡¡do¡¡so¡¡in¡¡the¡¡least¡£¡¡With¡¡the¡¡concept¡¡¡®¡®sparkling£»''¡¡moreover£»¡¡we¡¡tend¡¡to¡¡unite£»¡¡¡¡at¡¡least¡¡under¡¡certain¡¡circumstances£»¡¡definite¡¡images£»¡¡and¡¡hence¡¡¡®¡®glancing¡¡weapons''¡¡are¡¡often¡¡seen¡¡in¡¡places¡¡where¡¡there¡¡were¡¡only¡¡quite¡¡harmless¡¡dull¡¡objects¡£¡¡So¡¡also¡¡coins¡¡are¡¡seen¡¡to¡¡sparkle¡¡where¡¡really¡¡there¡¡are¡¡none¡£



Section¡¡39¡£¡¡£¨3£©¡¡_The¡¡Blind¡¡

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ