criminal psychology-第4章
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＇17＇ Blenler： Der geborene Verbrecher。 Munchen 1896。
＇18＇ Dallemagne。 Kriminalanthropologie。 Paris 1896。
19＇ Marro： I caratteri dei deliquenti。 Turin 1887。 I carcerati。 Turin 1885。
＇20＇ Havelock Ellis： The Criminal。 London 1890。
＇21＇ A。 Baer： Der Verbrecher Leipzig 1893。
＇22＇ Koch。 Die Frage nach dem geborenen Verbrecher。 Ravensberg 1894。
＇23＇ Maschka。 Elandbuch der Gerichtlichen Medizin （vol。 IV）。 Tbingen 1883。
＇24＇ Thomson。 Psychologie der Verbrecher。
＇25＇ Ferri： Gerichtl。 Psychologie。 Mailand 1893。
＇26＇ Bonfigli： Die Natugeschichte des Verbrechers。 Mailand 1892。
＇27＇ Corre： Les Criminels。 Paris 1889。
Literally； criminal psychology should be _that form of psychology used in dealing with crime_； not merely； the psychopathology of criminals； the natural history of the criminal mind。 But taken even literally； this is not all the psychology required by the criminalist。 No doubt crime is an objective thing。 Cain would actually have slaughtered Abel even if at the time Adam and Eve were already dead。 But for us each crime exists only as we perceive it；as we learn to know it through all those media established for us in criminal procedure。 But these media are based upon sense…perception； upon the perception of the judge and his assistants； i。 e。： upon witnesses； accused； and experts。 Such perceptions must be psychologically validated。 The knowledge of the principles of this validation demands again a special department of general psychologyeven such a _pragmatic applied psychology as will deal with all states of mind that might possibly be involved in the determination and judgment of crime_。 It is the aim of this book to present such a psychology。 ‘‘If we were gods；'' writes Plato in the Symposium； ‘‘there would be no philosophy''and if our senses were truer and our sense keener； we should need no psychology。 As it is we must strive hard to determine certainly how we see and think； we must understand these processes according to valid laws organized into a system otherwise we remain the shuttlecocks of sense； misunderstanding and accident。 We must know how all of us；we ourselves； witnesses； experts； and accused； observe and perceive； we must know how they think；and how they demonstrate； we must take into account how variously mankind infer and perceive； what mistakes and illusions may ensue； how people recall and bear in mind； how everything varies with age； sex； nature； and cultivation。 We must also see clearly what series of influences can prevail to change all those things which would have been different under normal conditions。 Indeed； the largest place in this book will be given to the witness and the judge himself； since we want in fact； from the first to keep in mind the creation of material for our instruction； but the psychology of the criminal must also receive consideration where… ever the issue is not concerned with his so…called psychoses； but with the validation of evidence。
Our method will be that fundamental to all psychological investigation； and may be divided into three parts：＇1＇
1。 The preparation of a review of psychological phenomena。
＇1＇ P。 Jessen： Versuch einer wissenschaftlichen Begrundung der Psychologie。 Berlin 1855。
2。 Study of causal relationships。
3。 Establishment of the principles of psychic activity。
The subject…matter will be drawn on the one hand； from that already presented by psychological science； but will be treated throughout from the point of view of the criminal judge； and prepared for his purposes。 On the other hand； the material will be drawn from these observations that alone the criminologist at work can make； and on this the principles of psychology will be brought to bear。
We shall not espouse either pietism； scepticism； or criticism。 We have merely to consider the individual phenomena； as they may concern the criminalist； to examine them and to establish whatever value the material may have for him； what portions may be of use to him in the interest of discovering the truth； and where the dangers may lurk that menace him。 And just as we are aware that the comprehension of the fundamental concepts of the exact sciences is not to be derived from their methodology； so we must keep clearly in mind that the truth which we criminalists have to attain can not be constructed out of the _formal_ correctness of the content presented us。 We are in duty bound to render it _materially_ correct。 But that is to be achieved only if we are acquainted with principles of psychology； and know how to make them serve our purposes。 For our problem； the oft…quoted epigram of Bailey's； ‘‘The study of physiology is as repugnant to the psychologist as that of acoustics to the composer；'' no longer holds。 We are not poets； we are investigators。 If we are to do our work properly； we must base it completely upon modern psycho physical fundamentals。 Whoever expects unaided to find the right thing at the right moment is in the position of the individual who didn't know whether he could play the violin because he had not yet tried。 We must gather wisdom while we are not required to use it； when the time for use arrives； the time for harvest is over。
Let this be our fundamental principle： _That we criminalists receive from our main source； the witnesses； many more inferences than observations_； and that this fact is the basis of so many mistakes in our work。 Again and again we are taught； in the deposition of evidence； that only facts as plain sense…perceptions should be presented； that inference is the judge's affair。 But we only appear to obey this principle； actually； most of what we note as fact and sense…perception； is nothing but a more or less justified judgment； which though presented in the honestest belief； still offers no positive truth。 ‘‘Amicus Plato； sed magis amica Veritas。''
There is no doubt that there is an increasing； and for us jurists； a not unimportant demand for the study of psychology in its bearing on our profession。 But it must be served。 The spirited Abb
