criminal psychology-第3章
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of a considerable range of volumes bearing on the administration of criminal law and upon the theoretical foundations of the science of criminology。 In 1898 he issued his ‘‘Handbuch fur Untersuchungsrichter； als System der Kriminalistik；'' a work that reached its fifth edition in 1908； and has been translated into eight foreign languages。 From 1898 on he has been the editor of the ‘‘Archiv fr Kriminalanthropologie und Kriminalistik；'' of which about twenty volumes have appeared。 He is a frequent contributor to this journal； which is an admirable representative of an efficient technical aid to the dissemination of interest in an important and difficult field。 It is also worthy of mention that at the University of Graz he has established a Museum of Criminology； and that his son； Otto Gross； is well known as a specialist in nervous and mental disorders and as a contributor to the psychological aspects of his specialty。 The volume here presented was issued in 1897； the translation is from the second and enlarged edition of 1905。 The volume may be accepted as an authoritative exposition of a leader in his ‘‘Fach；'' and is the more acceptable for purposes of translation； in that the wide interests of the writer and his sympathetic handling of his material impart an unusually readable quality to his pages。 JOSEPH JASTROW。 MADISON； WISCONSIN； DECEMBER； 1910。
AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE AMERICAN EDITION。
THE present work was the first really objective Criminal Psychology which dealt with the mental states of judges； experts； jury； witnesses； etc。； as well as with the mental states of criminals。 And a study of the former is just as needful as a study of the latter。 The need has fortunately since been recognized and several studies of special topics treated in this booke。 g。 depositions of witnesses； perception； the pathoformic lie； superstition； probability； sensory illusions； inference； sexual differences； etc。have become the subjects of a considerable literature； referred to in our second edition。
I agreed with much pleasure to the proposition of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology to have the book translated。 I am proud of the opportunity to address Americans and Englishmen in their language。 We of the German countries recognize the intellectual achievements of America and are well aware how much Americans can teach us。
I can only hope that the translation will justify itself by its usefulness to the legal profession。 HANS GROSS。
TRANSLATOR'S NOTE。
THE present version of Gross's Kriminal Psychologie differs from the original in the fact that many references not of general psychological or criminological interest or not readily accessible to English readers have been eliminated； and in some instances more accessible ones have been inserted。 Prof。 Gross's erudition is so stupendous that it reaches far out into texts where no ordinary reader would be able or willing to follow him； and the book suffers no loss from the excision。 In other places it was necessary to omit or to condense passages。 Wherever this is done attention is called to it in the notes。 The chief omission is a portion of the section on dialects。 Otherwise the translation is practically literal。 Additional bibliography of psychological and criminological works likely to be generally helpful has been appended。
CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY。
INTRODUCTION。
OF all disciplines necessary to the criminal justice in addition to the knowledge of law； the most important are those derived from psychology。 For such sciences teach him to know the type of man it is his business to deal with。 Now psychological sciences appear in various forms。 There is a native psychology； a keenness of vision given in the march of experience； to a few fortunate persons； who see rightly without having learned the laws which determine the course of events； or without being even conscious of them。 Of this native psychological power many men show traces； but very few indeed are possessed of as much as criminalists intrinsically require。 In the colleges and pre…professional schools we jurists may acquire a little scientific psychology as a ‘‘philosophical propaedeutic；'' but we all know how insufficient it is and how little of it endures in the business of life。 And we had rather not reckon up the number of criminalists who； seeing this insufficiency； pursue serious psychological investigations。
One especial psychological discipline which was apparently created for our sake is the psychology of law； the development of which； in Germany； Volkmar＇1＇ recounts。 This science afterward developed； through the instrumentality of Metzger＇2＇ and Platner；＇3＇ as criminal psychology。 From the medical point of view especially； Choulant's collection of the latter's； ‘‘Quaestiones；'' is still valuable。 Criminal psychology was developed further by Hoffbauer；＇4＇ Grohmann；＇5＇
＇1＇ W。 Volkmann v。 Volkmar： Lehrbuch der Psychologie （2 vols。）。 Cthen 1875
＇2＇ J。 Metzger： ‘‘Gerichtlich…medizinische Abhandhingen。'' Knigsberg 1803
＇3＇ Ernst Platner： Questiones medicinae forensic； tr。 German by Hederich
＇4＇ J。 C。 Hoffbauer Die Psychologie in ibren Hauptanwendungen auf die Rechtspflege。 Halle 1823。
＇5＇ G。 A。 Grohmann： Ideen zu einer physiognomisehen Anthropologie。 Leipzig 1791。
Heinroth；＇1＇ Sehaumann；＇2＇ Mnch；＇3＇ Eckartshausen；＇4＇ and others。 In Kant's time the subject was a bone of contention between faculties； Kant representing in the quarrel the philosophic； Metzger； Hoffbauer； and Fries；＇5＇ the medical faculties。 Later legal psychology was simply absorbed by psychiatry； and thereby completely subsumed among the medical disciplines； in spite of the fact that Regnault；＇6＇ still later； attempted to recover it for philosophy； as is pointed out in Friedreich's＇7＇ well…known text…book （cf。 moreover V。 Wilbrand's＇8＇ text…book）。 Nowadays； criminal psychology； as represented by Kraus；＇9＇ Krafft… Ebing；＇10＇ Maudsley；＇11＇ Holtzendorff；＇12＇ Lombroso；＇13＇ and others has become a branch of criminal anthropology。 It is valued as the doctrine of motives in crime； or； according to Liszt； as the investigation of the psychophysical condition of the criminal。 It is thus only a part of the subject indicated by its name。＇14＇ How utterly criminal psychology has become incorporated in criminal anthropology is demonstrated by the works of Ncke；＇15＇ Kurella；＇16＇ Bleuler；＇17＇ Dallemagne；＇18＇ Marro；＇19＇ Ellis；＇20＇ Baer；＇21＇ Koch；＇22＇ Maschka；＇23＇ Thomson；＇24＇ Ferri；＇25＇ Bonfigli；＇26＇ Corre；＇27＇ etc。
＇1＇ Johann Heinroth： Grundzuge der Kriminalpsychologie。 Berlin 1833。
＇2＇ Schaumann： Ideen zu einer Kriminalpsychologie。 Halle 1792。
＇3＇ Mnch： ber den Einfluss der Kriminalpsychologie auf Pin System der Kriminal…Rechts。 Nrnberg 1790。
＇4＇ Eckartshausen。 ber die Notwendigkeit psychologiseher Kenntnisse bei Beurteilung von Verbreehern。 Mnchen； 1791。
＇5＇ J。 Fries： Handbuch der psychologischer Anthropologie。 Jena； 1820。
＇6＇ E。 Regnault： Das gerichtliche Urteil der rzte ber psychologische Zustande。 Cln； 1830。
＇7＇ J。 B。 Friedreich： System der gerichtlichen Psychologie。 Regensburg 1832。
＇8＇ Wilbrand： Gerichtliche Psychologie。 1858。
＇9＇ Kraus： Die Psychologie des Verbrechens。 Tbingen； 1884。
＇10＇ v。 Krafft…Ebing： Die zweifelhaften Geisteszustnde。 Erlangen 1873。
＇11＇ Maudsley： Physiology and Pathology of the Mind。
＇12＇ v。 Holtzendorffarticles in ‘‘Rechtslexikon。''
＇13＇ Lombroso： L'uomo delinquente； ete。
＇14＇ Asehaffenburg： Articles in Zeitscheift f。 d。 gesamten Strafreehtwissensehaften； especially in。 XX； 201。
＇15＇ Dr。 P。 Ncke： ber Kriminal Psychologie； in the above…mentioned Zeitschrift； Vol。 XVII。 Verbrechen und Wahnsinn beim Weibe。 Vienna； Leipsig； 1884。 Moral Insanity： rztliche Sachverstndigen…Zeitung； 1895； Neurologisches Zentralblatt； Nos。 11 and 16。 1896
＇16＇ Kurella： Naturgesehichte des Verbreehers。 Stuttgart 1893。
＇17＇ Blenler： Der geborene Verbrecher。 Munchen 1896。
＇18＇ Dallemagne。 Kriminalanthropologie。 Paris 1896。
19＇ Marro： I caratteri dei deliquenti
