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第22章

the boss and the machine-第22章

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Speaker was 〃a political event of the highest significance。〃

It was under the regency of Speaker Cannon that the power of the
Speaker's office attained its climax。 The Republicans had a large
majority in the House and the old war…horses felt like colts。
They assumed their leadership; however; with that obliviousness
to youth which usually characterizes old age。 The gifted and
attractive Reed had ruled often by aphorism and wit; but the
unimaginative Cannon ruled by the gavel alone; and in the course
of time he and his clique of veterans forgot entirely the
difference between power and leadership。

Even party regularity could not long endure such tyranny。 It was
not against party organization that the insurgents finally raised
their lances; but against the arbitrary use of the machinery of
the organization by a small group of intrenched 〃standpatters。〃
The revolt began during the debate on the Payne…Aldrich tariff;
and in the campaign of 1908 〃Cannonism〃 was denounced from the
stump in every part of the country。 By March; 1910; the
insurgents were able; with the aid of the Democrats; to amend the
rules; increasing the Committee on Rules to ten to be elected by
the House and making the Speaker ineligible for membership。 When
the Democrats secured control of the House in the following year;
the rules were revised; and the selection of all committees is
now determined by a Committee on Committees chosen in party
caucus。 This change shifts arbitrary power from the shoulders of
the Speaker to the shoulders of the party chieftains。 The power
of the Speaker has been lessened but by no means destroyed。 He is
still the party chanticleer。

The political power of the House; however; cannot be calculated
without admitting to the equation the Senate; the third official
unit; and; indeed; the most powerful factor in the national
hierarchy。 The Senate shares equally with the House the
responsibility of lawmaking; and shares with the President the
responsibility of appointments and of treaty…making。 It has been
the scene of many memorable contests with the President for
political control。 The senators are elder statesmen; who have
passed through the refining fires of experience; either in law;
business; or politics。 A senator is elected for six years; so
that he has a period of rest between elections; in which he may
forget his constituents in the ardor of his duties。

Within the last few decades a great change has come over the
Senate; over its membership; its attitude towards public
questions; and its relation to the electorate。 This has been
brought about through disclosures tending to show the relations
on the part of some senators towards 〃big business。〃 As early as
the Granger revelations of railway machinations in politics; in
the seventies; a popular distrust of the Senate became
pronounced。 No suggestion of corruption was implied; but certain
senators were known as 〃railway senators;〃 and were believed to
use their partizan influence in their friends' behalf。 This
feeling increased from year to year; until what was long
suspected came suddenly to light; through an entirely unexpected
agency。 William Randolph Hearst; a newspaper owner who had in
vain attempted to secure a nomination for President by the
Democrats and to get himself elected Governor of New York; had
organized and financed a party of his own; the Independence
League。 While speaking in behalf of his party; in the fall of
1908; he read extracts from letters written by an official of the
Standard Oil Company to various senators。 The letters; it later
appeared; had been purloined from the Company's files by a
faithless employee。 They caused a tremendous sensation。 The
public mind had become so sensitive that the mere fact that an
intimacy existed between the most notorious of trusts and some
few United States senatorsthe correspondents called each other
〃Dear John;〃 〃Dear Senator;〃 etc。was sufficient to arouse the
general wrath。 The letters disclosed a keen interest on the part
of the corporation in the details of legislation; and the public
promptly took the Standard Oil Company as a type。 They believed;
without demanding tangible proof; that other great corporations
were; in some sinister manner; influencing legislation。
Railroads; insurance companies; great banking concerns; vast
industrial corporations; were associated in the public mind as
〃the Interests。〃 And the United States Senate was deemed the
stronghold of the interests。 A saturnalia of senatorial
muckraking now laid bare the 〃oligarchy;〃 as the small group of
powerful veteran Senators who controlled the senatorial machinery
was called。 It was disclosed that the centralization of
leadership in the Senate coincided with the centralization of
power in the Democratic and Republican national machines。 In 1911
and 1912 a 〃money trust〃 investigation was conducted by the
Senate and a comfortable entente was revealed between a group of
bankers; insurance companies; manufacturers; and other interests;
carried on through an elaborate system of interlocking
directorates。 Finally; in 1912; the Senate ordered its Committee
on Privileges and Elections to investigate campaign contributions
paid to the national campaign committees in 1904; 1908; and 1912。
The testimony taken before this committee supplied the country
with authentic data of the interrelations of Big Business and Big
Politics。

The revolt against 〃Cannonism〃 in the House had its counterpart
in the Senate。 By the time the Aldrich tariff bill came to a vote
(1909); about ten Republican senators rebelled。 The revolt
gathered momentum and culminated in 1912 in the organization of
the National Progressive party with Theodore Roosevelt as its
candidate for President and Hiram Johnson of California for Vice…
President。 The majority of the Progressives returned to the
Republican fold in 1916。 But the rupture was not healed; and the
Democrats reelected Woodrow Wilson。



CHAPTER IX。 THE AWAKENING

In the early days a ballot was simply a piece of paper with the
names of the candidates written or printed on it。 As party
organizations became more ambitious; the party printed its own
ballots; and 〃scratching〃 was done by pasting gummed stickers;
with the names of the substitutes printed on them; over the
regular ballot; or by simply striking out a name and writing
another one in its place。 It was customary to print the different
party tickets on different colored paper; so that the judges in
charge of the ballot boxes could tell how the men voted。 When
later laws required all ballots to be printed on white paper and
of the same size; the parties used paper of different texture。
Election officials could then tell by the 〃feel〃 which ticket was
voted。 Finally paper of the same color and quality was enjoined
by some States。 But it was not until the State itself undertook
to print the ballots that uniformity was secured。

In the meantime the peddling of tickets was a regular occupation
on election day。 Canvassers invaded homes and places of business;
and even surrounded the voting place。 It was the custom in many
parts of the country for the voters to prepare the ballots before
reaching the voting place and carry them in the vest pocket; with
a margin showing。 This was a sort of signal that the voter's mind
had been made up and that he should be let alone; yet even with
this signal showing; in hotly contested elections the voter ran a
noisy gauntlet of eager solicitors; harassing him on his way to
vote as cab drivers assail the traveler when he alights from the
train。 This free and easy method; tolerable in sparsely settled
pioneer districts; failed miserably in the cities。 It was
necessary to pass rigorous laws against vote buying and selling;
and to clear the polling…place of all partizan soliciting。 Penal
provisions were enacted against intimidation; violence;
repeating; false swearing when challenged; ballot…box stuffing;
and the more patent forms of partizan vices。 In order to stop the
practice of 〃repeating;〃 New York early passed laws requiring
voters to be duly registered。 But the early laws were defective;
and the rolls were easily padded。

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