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第15章

the boss and the machine-第15章

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hundred and twenty…two voters; according to the register; lived
at another house; including nine agents; nine machinists; nine
gentlemen; nine waiters; nine salesmen; four barbers; four
bakers; fourteen clerks; three laborers; two bartenders; a
milkman; an optician; a piano…mover; a window…cleaner; a nurse;
and so on。

On the day before the election the Municipal League sent
registered letters to all the registered voters of certain
precincts。 Sixty…three per cent were returned; marked by the
postman; 〃not at;〃 〃deceased;〃 〃removed;〃 〃not known。〃 Of
forty…four letters addressed to names registered from one
four…story house; eighteen were returned。 From another house;
supposed to be sheltering forty…eight voters; forty…one were
returned; from another; to which sixty…two were sent; sixty…one
came back。 The league reported that 〃two hundred and fifty…two
votes were returned in a division that had less than one hundred
legal voters within its boundaries。〃 Repeating and ballot…box
stuffing were common。 Election officers would place fifty or more
ballots in the box before the polls opened or would hand out a
handful of ballots to the recognized repeaters。 The high…water
mark of boss rule was reached under Mayor Ashbridge;
〃Stars…and…Stripes Sam;〃 who had been elected in 1899。 The
moderation of Martin; who had succeeded McManes as boss; was cast
aside; the mayor was himself a member of the Ring。 When Ashbridge
retired; the Municipal League reported: 〃The four years of the
Ashbridge administration have passed into history leaving behind
them a scar on the fame and reputation of our city which will be
a long time healing。 Never before; and let us hope never again;
will there be such brazen defiance of public opinion; such
flagrant disregard of public interest; such abuse of power and
responsibility for private ends。〃

Since that time the fortunes of the Philadelphia Ring have
fluctuated。 Its hold upon the city; however; is not broken; but
is still strong enough to justify Owen Wister's observation: 〃Not
a Dickens; only a Zola; would have the face (and the stomach) to
tell the whole truth about Philadelphia。〃

St。 Louis was one of the first cities of America to possess the
much…coveted home rule。 The Missouri State Constitution of 1875
granted the city the power to frame its own charter; under
certain limitations。 The new charter provided for a mayor elected
for four years with the power of appointing certain heads of
departments; others; however; were to be elected directly by the
people。 It provided for a Municipal Assembly composed of two
houses: the Council; with thirteen members; elected at large for
four years; and the House of Delegates; with twenty…eight
members; one from each ward; elected for two years。 These two
houses were given coordinate powers; one was presumed to be a
check on the other。 The Assembly fixed the tax rate; granted
franchises; and passed upon all public improvements。 The Police
Department was; however; under the control of the mayor and four
commissioners; the latter appointed by the Governor。 The city was
usually Republican by about 8000 majority; the State was safely
Democratic。 The city; until a few years ago; had few tenements
and a small floating population。

Outwardly; all seemed well with the city until 1901; when the
inside workings of its government were revealed to the public
gaze through the vengeance of a disappointed franchise…seeker。
The Suburban Railway Company sought an extension of its
franchises。 It had approached the man known as the dispenser of
such favors; but; thinking his price (145;000) too high; had
sought to deal directly with the Municipal Assembly。 The price
agreed upon for the House of Delegates was 75;000; for the
Council; 60;000。 These sums were placed in safety vaults
controlled by a dual lock。 The representative of the Company held
one of the keys; the representative of the Assembly; the other;
so that neither party could take the money without the presence
of both。 The Assembly duly granted the franchises; but property
owners along the line of the proposed extension secured an
injunction; which delayed the proceedings until the term of the
venal House of Delegates had expired。 The Assemblymen; having
delivered the goods; demanded their pay。 The Company; held up by
the courts; refused。 Mutterings of the disappointed conspirators
reached the ear of an enterprising newspaper reporter。 Thereby
the Circuit Attorney; Joseph W。 Folk; struck the trail of the
gang。 Both the president of the railway company and the 〃agent〃
of the rogues of the Assembly turned state's evidence; the
safe…deposit boxes were opened; disclosing the packages
containing one hundred and thirty…five 1000 bills。

This exposure led to othersthe 〃Central Traction Conspiracy;〃
the 〃Lighting Deal;〃 the 〃Garbage Deal。〃 In the cleaning…up
process; thirty…nine persons were indicted; twenty…four for
bribery and fifteen for perjury。

The evidence which Folk presented in the prosecution of these
scoundrels merely confirmed what had long been an unsavory rumor:
that franchises and contracts were bought and sold like
merchandise; that the buyers were men of eminence in the city's
business affairs; and that the sellers were the people's
representatives in the Assembly。 The Grand Jury reported: 〃Our
investigation; covering more or less fully a period of ten years
shows that; with few exceptions; no ordinance has been passed
wherein valuable privileges or franchises are granted until those
interested have paid the legislators the money demanded for
action in the particular case 。 。 。 。 So long has this practice
existed that such members have come to regard the receipt of
money for action on pending measures as a legitimate perquisite
of a legislator。〃

These legislators; it appeared from the testimony; had formed a
water…tight ring or 〃combine〃 in 1899; for the purpose of
systematizing this traffic。 A regular scale of prices was
adopted: so much for an excavation; so much per foot for a
railway switch; so much for a street pavement; so much for a
grain elevator。 Edward R。 Butler was the master under whose
commands for many years this trafficking was reduced to
systematic perfection。 He had come to St。 Louis when a young man;
had opened a blacksmith shop; had built up a good trade in
horseshoeing; and also a pliant political following in his ward。
His attempt to defeat the home rule charter in 1876 had given him
wider prominence; and he soon became the boss of the Democratic
machine。 His energy; shrewdness; liberality; and capacity for
friendship gave him sway over both Republican and Democratic
votes in certain portions of the city。 A prominent St。 Louis
attorney says that for over twenty years 〃he named candidates on
both tickets; fixed; collected; and disbursed campaign
assessments; determined the results in elections; and in fine;
practically controlled the public affairs of St。 Louis。〃 He was
the agent usually sought by franchise…seekers; and he said that
had the Suburban Company dealt with him instead of with the
members of the Assembly; they might have avoided exposure。 He was
indicted four times in the upheaval; twice for attempting to
bribe the Board of Health in the garbage dealhe was a
stockholder in the company seeking the contractand twice for
bribery in the lighting contract。

Cincinnati inherited from the Civil War the domestic excitements
and political antagonisms of a border city。 Its large German
population gave it a conservative political demeanor; slow to
accept changes; loyal to the Republican party as it was to the
Union。 This reduced partizan opposition to a docile minority;
willing to dicker for public spoils with the intrenched majority。

George B。 Cox was for thirty years the boss of this city。 Events
had prepared the way for him。 Following closely upon the war; Tom
Campbell; a crafty criminal lawyer; was the local leader of the
Republicans; and John R。 McLean; owner of the Cincinnati
Enquirer; a very rich man; of the Democrats。 These two men were
cronies: they bartered the votes of their followers。 For some
years crime ran its repulsive course: brawlers; thieves;

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