the greatness of cities-第14章

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ngst　the　cities　of　Europe　the　chiefest　place　is　due　to　it。　For　the　very　court　alone　of　that　prince　maintaineth　of　horsemen　and　of　footmen　not　less　than　thirty　thousand　very　well　appointed。　　　In　Africa；　Algiers；　lately　become　the　Metropolitan　of　a　great　state；　is　now　by　that　means　grown　very　populous。　Tlemsen　when　it　flourished　contained　sixteen　thousand　households；　Tunis　nine　thousand；　Morocco　an　hundred　thousand；　Fez；　which　is　at　this　day　the　seat　of　the　mighty　King　of　Africa；　containeth　threescore　and　five　thousand。　　　　　Amongst　the　kingdoms　of　Christendom　（I　speak　of　the　united；　and　of　one　body）　the　greatest；　the　richest　and　most　populous　is　France。　For　it　containeth　twenty…seven　thousand　parishes；　including　Paris　in　them。　And　the　country　hath　above　fifteen　millions　of　people　in　it。　It　is　also　so　fertile　through　the　benefit　of　nature；　so　rich　through　the　industry　of　the　people；　as　it　envieth　not　any　other　country。　The　residence　of　the　kings　of　so　mighty　a　kingdom　hath　for　a　long　time　hitherto　been　kept　at　Paris；　by　the　means　whereof　Paris　is　become　the　greatest　city　of　Christendom。　It　is　in　compass　twelve　miles；　and　containeth　therein　about　four　hundred　and　fifty　thousand　persons；　and　feedeth　them　with　such　plenty　of　victuals　and　with　such　abundance　of　all　delicate　and　dainty　things　as　he　that　hath　not　seen　it　cannot　by　any　means　imagine　it。　　　　　The　kingdoms　of　England；　of　Naples；　of　Portugal　and　of　Bohemia；　the　earldom　of　Flanders　and　the　dukedom　of　Milan　are　states；　in　a　manner；　alike　of　greatness　and　of　power；　so　that　the　cities　wherein　the　princes　of　those　same　kingdoms　have　at　any　time　made　their　residence　have　been　in　a　matter　also　alike；　as　London；　Naples；　Lisbon；　Prague；　Milan　and　Ghent；　which　have　each　of　them　asunder　more　or　less　an　hundred　and　threescore　thousand　persons　in　them。　But　Lisbon　is　indeed　somewhat　larger　than　the　rest；　by　means　of　the　commerce　and　traffic　of　Ethiopia；　India　and　Brazil；　as　likewise　London　is　by　means　of　the　wars　and　troubles　in　the　Low　Countries。　And　Naples　is　within　these　thirty　years　grown　as　great　again　as　it　was。　　　　　In　Spain　there　is　not　a　city　of　any　such　greatness；　partly　because　it　hath　been　till　now　of　late　divided　into　divers　little　kingdoms；　and　partly　because　through　want　of　navigable　rivers　it　cannot　bring　so　great　a　quantity　of　food　and　victual　into　one　place　as　might　maintain　therein　an　extraordinary　number　of　people。　The　cities　of　most　magnificency　and　of　greatest　reputation　are　those　where　the　ancient　kings　and　princes　held　their　seats；　as　Barcelona；　Saragossa；　Valencia；　Cordova；　Toledo；　Burgos；　Leon；　all　honourable　cities　and　populous　enough；　but　yet　such　as　pass　not　the　second　rank　of　the　cities　of　Italy。　　　　　Over　and　besides　the　rest　there　is　Granada；　where　a　long　time　the　Moors　have　reigned　and　adorned　the　same　with　many　rich　and　goodly　buildings。　It　is　situated　part　upon　the　hills　and　part　upon　the　plain。　The　hilly　part　consisteth　of　three　hills　divided　each　from　other。　It　aboundeth　of　water　of　all　sorts；　with　the　which　is　watered　a　great　part　of　her　pleasant　and　goodly　country；　which　is　by　the　means　thereof　so　well　inhabited　and　manured　as　none　can　be　more。　　　　　Seville　is　increased　mightily　since　the　discovery　of　the　New　World；　for　thither　come　the　fleets　that　bring　unto　them　yearly　so　much　treasure　as　cannot　be　esteemed。　It　is　in　compass　about　six　miles。　It　containeth　fourscore　thousand　persons　and　above。　It　is　situated　on　the　left　shore　of　the　river　Betis；　which　some　call　Guadalquivir。　It　is　beautified　with　fair　and　goodly　churches；　and　with　magnificent　and　gorgeous　palaces　and　buildings。　The　country　there　about　it　is　as　fertile　as　it　is　pleasant。　　　　　Valladolid　is　not　a　city；　but　for　all　that　it　may　compare　with　the　noblest　cities　in　Spain；　and　that　by　reason　of　the　residence　the　King　of　Spain　hath　long　time　made　there　in　it；　as　Madrid　is　at　this　day　much　increased　and　continually　increaseth　by　the　court　that　King　Philip　keepeth　there。　Which　is　of　such　efficacy　and　power　as　although　the　country　be　neither　plentiful　nor　pleasant　it　doth　yet　draw　such　a　number　of　people　to　it　as　it　hath　made　that　place；　of　a　village；　one　of　the　most　populous　places　now　of　Spain。　　　　　Cracow　and　Vilna　are　the　most　populous　cities　of　Poland。　The　reason　is　because　Cracow　was　the　seat　of　the　Duke　of　Poland　and　Vilna　the　seat　of　the　great　Duke　of　Lithuania。　　　　　In　the　Empire　of　the　Muscovites　there　are　three　great　and　famous　cities；　Vladimir；　the　great　Novgorod；　and　Moscow；　which　have　gotten　their　reputation　because　they　have　been　all　three　of　them　the　seats　of　great　dukes　and　princes　of　great　dominions。　The　most　renowned　of　them　at　this　day　is　Moscow；　through　the　residence　the　Duke　holdeth　there。　It　is　in　length　five　miles；　but　not　so　wide。　There　is　unto　it　a　very　great　castle　that　serves　for　a　court　and　palace　to　that　same　prince；　and　it　is　so　populous　that　some　have　reckoned　it　amongst　the　four　cities　of　the　first　and　chiefest　ranks　of　Europe；　which　to　their　judgments　are　Moscow　itself；　Constantinople；　Paris　and　Lisbon。　　　　　In　Sicily；　in　ancient　times　past　the　greatest　city　there　was　Syracuse　which；　as　Cicero　doth　write；　consisted　of　four　parts　divided　asunder；　which　might　be　said　to　be　four　cities。　And　the　cause　of　her　greatness　was　the　residence　of　the　kings；　or　of　the　tyrants　（as　they　were　termed　in　times　past）；　call　them　as　you　will。　But　when　the　commerce　with　the　Africans　did　fail　them　afterward；　through　the　deluge　of　the　infidels；　and　that　the　royal　seat　was　removed　to　Palermo；　Palermo　did　then　increase　apace　her　glory　and　Syracuse　did　lose　as　fast　her　lustre。　　　　　Palermo　is　a　city　equal　to　the　cities　of　the　second　rank　of　Italy；　beautified　with　rich　temples　and　magnificent　palaces；　with　divers　relics　and　goodly　buildings　made　by　the　Saracens。　But　two　things　chiefly　made　of　late　are　worthiest　to　be　noted。　The　one　is　the　street　made　throughout　the　whole　city；　which　for　straightness；　breadth；　length　and　beautifulness　of　buildings　is　such　as　I　know　not　in　what　city　of　Italy　a　man　should　find　the　like。　The　other　is　the　pier；　edified　with　an　inestimable　expense　and　charge；　by　the　benefit　whereof　the　city　hath　a　very　large　and　spacious　port：　a　work　in　truth　worthy　of　the　Romans'　magnanimity。　　　　　But　what　mean　I　to　wander　through　other　parts　of　the　world　to　show　how　much　it　doth　import　the　greatness　of　a　city　to　residence　and　abode　of　a　prince　therein？　Rome；　whose　majesty　exceeded　all　the　world；　would　she　not　be　more　like　a　desert　than　a　city　if　the　Pope　held　not　his　residence　therein？　If　the　Pope；　with　the　greatness　of　his　court　and　with　the　concourse　of　ambassadors；　of　prelates　and　of　princes　did　not　ennoble　it　and　make　it　great？　If　with　an　infinite　number　of　people　that　serve　both　him　and　his　ministers　he　did　not　replenish　and　fill　the　city？　If　with　magnificent　buildings；　conduits；　fountains　and　streets　it　were　not　gloriously　adorned？　If　amongst　so　many　rich　and　stately　works；　belonging　as　well　to　God's　glory　as　the　service　of　the　commonwealth　he　spent　not　there　a　great　part　of　the　revenues　of　the　Church？　And　in　a　word；　if　with　all　these　means　he　did　not　draw　and　entertain　withal　such　a　number　of　merchants；　tradesmen；　shopkeepers；　artificers；　workmen；　and　such　a　multitude　of　people；　for　labour　and　for　service？

Book　Three

　1。　Whether　it　be　expedient　for　a　city　to　have　few　or　many　citizens

　　　　The　ancient　founders　of　cities；　considering　that　laws　and　civil　discipline　could　not　be　easily　conserved　and　kept　where　a　mighty　multitude　of　people　swarmed　（for　multitudes　do　breed　and　bring　confusion）　they　limited　the　number　of　citizens　beyond　which　they　supposed　the　form　and　order　of　government　they　sought　to　hold　within　their　cities　could　not　else　be　maintained。　Such　were　Lycurgus；　Solon　and　Aristotle。　But　the　Romans；　supposing　power　（without　which　a　city　cannot　be　long　maintained）　consisteth　for　the　most　part　in　the　multitude　of　people；　endeavoured　all　the　ways　and　means　they　might　to　make　their　country　great　and　to　replenish　the　same　with　store　of　people；　as　we　have　before　and　more　at　full　declared　in　our　books　Della　Ragion　di　Stato。　　　　　If　the　world　would　be　governed　by　reason；　and　all　men　would　content　themselves　with　that　which　justly　doth　belong　unto　them；　haply　the　judgment　of　the