贝壳电子书 > 英文原著电子书 > part15 >

第7章

part15-第7章

小说: part15 字数: 每页4000字

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页,按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页,按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
————未阅读完?加入书签已便下次继续阅读!




as to either France or Spain? and how is it at all times as to other

nations; in point either of right or of practice?  Must these go

through the same operation; or take their measures from the standard

prepared by France?  Neither case bears that character of

independence which the problem requires; and which neither the

equality nor convenience of nations can dispense with。  How would it

now be; were England the deposit of a standard for the world?  At war

with all the world; the standard would be inaccessible to all other

nations。  Against this; too; are the inaccuracies of admeasurements

over hills and valleys; mountains and waters; inaccuracies often

unobserved by the agent himself; and always unknown to the world。

The various results of the different measures heretofore attempted;

sufficiently prove the inadequacy of human means to make such an

admeasurement with the exactness requisite。




        Let us now see under what circumstances the pendulum offers

itself as an element of measure。  The motion of the earth on its axis

from noon to noon of a mean solar day; has been divided from time

immemorial; and by very general consent; into 86;400 portions of time

called seconds。  The length of a pendulum vibrating in one of these

portions; is determined by the laws of nature; is invariable under

the same parallel; and accessible independently to all men。  Like a

degree of the meridian; indeed; it varies in its length from the

equator to the pole; and like it; too; requires to be reduced to a

mean。  In seeking a mean in the first case; the 45th degree occurs

with unrivalled preferences。  It is the mid…way of the celestial ark

from the equator to the pole。  It is a mean between the two extreme

degrees of the terrestrial ark; or between any two equi…distant from

it; and it is also a mean value of all its degrees。  In like manner;

when seeking a mean for the pendulum; the same 45th degree offers

itself on the same grounds; its increments being governed by the same

laws which determine those of the different degrees of the meridian。




        In a pendulum loaded with a Bob; some difficulty occurs in

finding the centre of oscillation; and consequently the distance

between that and the point of suspension。  To lessen this; it has

been proposed to substitute for the pendulum; a cylindrical rod of

small diameter; in which the displacement of the centre of

oscillation would be lessened。  It has also been proposed to prolong

the suspending wire of the pendulum below the Bob; until their

centres of oscillation shall coincide。  But these propositions not

appearing to have received general approbation; we recur to the

pendulum; suspended and charged as has been usual。  And the rather as

the the laws which determine the centre of oscillation leave no room

for error in finding it; other than that minimum in practice to which

all operations are subject in their execution。  The other sources of

inaccuracy in the length of the pendulum need not be mentioned;

because easily guarded against。  But the great and decisive

superiority of the pendulum; as a standard of measure; is in its

accessibility to all men; at all times and in all places。  To obtain

the second pendulum for 45 degrees it is not necessary to go actually

to that latitude。  Having ascertained its length in our own parallel;

both theory and observation give us a law for ascertaining the

difference between that and the pendulum of any other。  To make a new

measure therefore; or verify an old one; nothing is necessary in any

place but a well…regulated time…piece; or a good meridian; and such a

knowledge of the subject as is common in all civilized nations。




 

        Those indeed who have preferred the other element; do justice

to the certainty; as well as superior facilities of the pendulum; by

proposing to recur to one of the length of their standard; and to

ascertain its number of vibrations in a day。  These being once known;

if any accident impair their standard it is to be recoved by means of

a pendulum which shall make the requisite number of vibrations in a

day。  And among the several commissions established by the Academy of

Sciences for the execution of the several branches of their work on

measures and weights; that respecting the pendulum was assigned to

Messrs。 Borda; Coulomb & Cassini; the result of whose labors;

however; I have not learned。




        Let our unit of measures then be a pendulum of such length as

in the latitude of 45 degrees; in the level of the ocean; and in a

given temperature; shall perform its vibrations; in small and equal

arcs; in one second of mean time。




        What ratio shall we adopt for the parts and multiples of this

unit?  The decimal without a doubt。  Our arithmatic being founded in

a decimal numeration; the same numeration in a system of measures;

weights and coins; tallies at once with that。  On this question; I

believe; there has been no difference of opinion。




        In measures of length; then; the pendulum is our unit。  It is a

little more than our yard and less than the ell。  Its tenth or dime;

will not be quite 。4 inches。  Its hundredth; or cent; not quite 。4 of

an inch; its thousandth; or mill; not quite 。04 of an inch; and so

on。  The traveller will count his road by a longer measure。  1;000

units; or a kiliad; will not be quite two…thirds of our present mile;

and more nearly a thousand paces than that。




        For measures of surface; the square unit; equal to about ten

square feet; or one…ninth more than a square yard; will be generally

convenient。  But for those of lands a larger measure will be wanted。

A kiliad would be not quite a rood; or quarter of an acre; a myriad

not quite 2 1/2 acres。




        For measures of capacity; wet and dry;




        The cubic Unit = 。1 would be about 。35 cubic feet; 。28 bushels

dry; or 7/8 of a ton liquid。

        Dime = 。1 would be about 3。5 cubic feet; 2。8 bushels; or about

7/8 of a barrel liquid。

        Cent = 。01 about 50 cubic inches; or 7/8 of a quart。

        Mill = 。001 = 。5 of a cubic inch; or 2/3 of a gill。




        To incorporate into the same system our weights and coins; we

must recur to some natural substance; to be found everywhere; and of

a composition sufficiently uniform。  Water has been considered as the

most eligible substance; and rain…water more nearly uniform than any

other kind found in nature。  That circumstance renders it preferable

to distilled water; and its variations in weight may be called

insensible。




        The cubic unit of this = 。1 would weigh about 2;165 lbs。 or a

ton between the long and short。

                 The Dime = 。1 a little more than 2。 kentals。

                     Cent = 。01 a little more than 20 lb。

                     Mill = 。001 a little more than 2 lb。

                 Decimmil = 。0001 about 3 1/2 oz。 avoirdupoise。

                Centimmil = 。00001 a little more than 6 dwt。

                Millionth = 。000001 about 15 grains。

           Decimmillionth = 。0000001 about 1 1/2 grains。

          Centimmillionth = 。00000001 about 。14 of a grain。

                Billionth = 。000000001 about 。014 of a grain。




        With respect to our coins; the pure silver in a dollar being

fixed by law at 347 1/4 grains; and all debts and contracts being

bottomed on that value; we can only state the pure silver in the

dollar; which would be very nearly 23 millionths。




        I have used loose and round numbers (the exact unit being yet

undetermined) merely to give a general idea of the measures and

weights proposed; when compared with those we now use。  And in the

names of the subdivisions I have followed the metrology of the

ordinance of Congress of 1786; which for their series below unit

adopted the Roman numerals。  For that above unit the Grecian is

convenient; and has been adopted in the new French system。




        We come no

返回目录 上一页 下一页 回到顶部 0 0

你可能喜欢的