essays-1-第49章
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Q。 How many bushels of Indian Corn are reckoned to a barrel? A。 Four
From this account it appears that Indian Corn might; in time of peace; be imported into this country and sold here for less than four shillings the bushel;and that it ought not to cost at this moment much more than five shillings a bushel。
If it be imported in casks; (which is certainly the best way of packing it;) as the freight of a barrel containing four bushels is five shillings; this gives 1s。 3d。 a bushel for freight; and if we add one penny a bushel for insurance; this will make the amount of freight and insurance 1s。 4d。 which; added to the prime cost of the Corn in America; (2s。 6d。 per bushel in the time of peace; and 3s。 6d。 at this time;) will bring it to 3s。 10d。 per bushel in time of peace; and 4s。 10d at this present moment。
A bushel of Indian Corn of the growth of New England was found to weigh 61 lb。; but we will suppose it to weigh at a medium only 60 lb。 per bushel; and we will also suppose that to each bushel of Corn when ground there is 9 lb。 of bran; which is surely a very large allowance; and 1 lb。 of waste in grinding and sifting; this will leave 50 lb。 of flour for each bushel of the Corn; and as it will cost; in time of peace; only 3s。 10d。 or 46 pence; this gives for each pound of flour 46/50 of a penny; or 3 3/4 farthings very nearly。
If the price of the Indian Corn per bushel be taken at 4s。 10d。 what it ought to cost at this time in London; without any bounty on importation being brought into the account;the price of the flour will be 4s。 10d equal to 58 pence for 50 lb。 in weight; or 1 1/6 penny the pound; which is less than one third of the present price of wheat flour。 Rice; which is certainly not more nourishing than Indian Corn; costs 4 1/2 pence the pound。
If 1/13 of the value of Indian Corn be added to defray the expence of grinding it; the price of the flour will not even then be greater in London than one penny the pound in time of peace; and about one penny farthing at the present high price of that grain in North America。 Hence it appears; that in stating the mean price in London of the flour of Indian Corn at one penny farthing; I have rather rated it too high than too low。
With regard to the expense of importing it; there may be; and doubtless there are frequently other expences besides those of freight and insurance; but; on the other hand; a very considerable part of the expences attending the importation of it may be reimbursed by the profits arising from the sale of the barrels in which it is imported; as I have been informed by a person who imports it every year; and always avails himself of that advantage。
One circumstance much in favour of the introduction of Indian Corn into common use in this country is the facility with which it may be had in any quantity。 It grows in all quarters of the globe; and almost in every climate; and in hot countries two or three crops of it may be raised from the same ground in the course of a year。It succeeds equally well in the cold regions of Canada;in the temperate climes of the United States of America;and in the burning heats of the tropics; and it might be had from Africa and Asia as well as from America。 And were it even true;what I never can be persuaded to believe;that it would be impossible to introduce it as an article of Food in this country; it might at least be used as fodder for cattle; whose aversion to it; I will venture to say; would not be found to be UNCONQUERABLE。
Oats now cost near two pence the pound in this country。 Indian Corn; which would cost but a little more than half as much; would certainly be much more nourishing; even for horses; as well as for horned cattle;and as for hogs and poultry; they ought never to be fed with any other grain。 Those who have tasted the pork and the poultry fatted on Indian Corn will readily give their assent to this opinion。
CHAPTER。 VII。
Receipts for preparing various Kinds of cheap Food。 Of MACCARONI。 Of POTATOES。 Approved receipts for boiling potatoes。 Of potatoe puddings。 Of potatoe dumplings。 Of boiled potatoes with a sauce。 Of potatoe salad。 Of BARLEY Is much more nutritious than wheat。 Barley meal; a good substitute for pearl barley; for making soups。 General directions for preparing cheap soups。 Receipt for the cheapest soup that can be made。 Of SAMP Method of preparing it Is an excellent Substitute for Bread。 Of brown Soup。 Of RYE BREAD。
When I began writing the foregoing Chapter of this Essay; I had hopes of being able to procure satisfactory information respecting the manner in which the maccaroni eaten by the Poor in Italy; and particularly in the kingdom of Naples; is prepared; but though I have taken much pains in making these inquiries; my success in them has not been such as I could have wished: The process; I have often been told; is very simple; and from the very low price at which maccaroni is sold; ready cooked; to the Lazzaroni in the streets of Naples; it cannot be expensive。 There is a better kind of maccaroni which is prepared and sold by the nuns in some of the convents in Italy; which is much dearer; but this sort would in any country be too expensive to be used as Food for the Poor。It is however not dearer than many kinds of Food used by the Poor in this country; and as it is very palatable and wholesome; and may be used in a variety of ways; a receipt for preparing it may perhaps not be unacceptable to many of my readers。
A Receipt for making that Kind of Maccaroni called in Italy TAGLIATI。
Take any number of fresh…laid eggs and break them into a bowl or tray; beat them up with a spoon; but not to a froth;add of the finest wheat flour as much as is necessary to form a dough of the consistence of paste。Work this paste well with a rolling…pin; roll it out into very thin leaves;lay ten or twelve of these leaves one upon the other; and with a sharp knife cut them into very fine threads。These threads (which; if the mass is of a proper consistency; will not adhere to each other) are to be laid on a clean board; or on paper; and dried in the air。
This maccaroni; (or cut paste as it is called in Germany; where it is in great repute;) may be eaten in various ways; but the most common way of using it is to eat it with milk instead of bread; and with chicken broth; and other broths and soups; with which it is boiled。 With proper care it may be kept good for many months。 It is sometimes fried in butter; and in this way of cooking it; it forms a most excellent dish indeed; inferior; I believe; to no dish of flour that can be made。 It is not; however; a very cheap dish; as eggs and butter are both expensive articles in most countries。
An inferiour kind of cut paste is sometimes prepared by the Poor in Germany; which is made simply of water and wheat flour; and this has more resemblance to common maccaroni than that just described; and might; in many cases; be used instead of it。 I do not think; however; that it can be kept long without spoiling; whereas maccaroni; as is well known; may be kept good for a great length of time。Though I have not been able to get any satisfactory information relative to the process of making maccaroni; yet I have made some experiments to ascertain the expense of cooking it; and of the cost of the cheese necessary for giving it a relish。
Half a pound of maccaroni; which was purchased at an Italian shop in London; and which cost ten pence'20'; was boiled till it was sufficiently done; namely; about one hour and an half; when; being taken out of the boiling water and weighed; it was found to weigh thirty…one ounces and an half; or one pound fifteen ounces and an half。 The quantity of cheese employed to give a relish to this dish of boiled maccaroni; (and which was grated over it after it was put into the dish;) was one ounce; and cost two farthings。
Maccaroni is considered as very cheap Food in those countries where it is prepared in the greatest perfection; and where it is in common use among the lower classes of society; and as wheat; of which grain it is always made; is a staple commodity in this country; it would certainly be worth while to take some trouble to introduce the man