essays-1-第34章
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heir minds。 When； by rendering it evidently impossible for them to escape detection； they are brought to give up all thoughts of cheating and deceiving； they will then be capable of application； and of enjoying real happiness； and； with open and placid countenances； will look every one full in the face who accosts them： but as long as they are under the influence of temptation as long as their minds are degraded by conscious guilt； and continually agitated by schemes of prosecuting their fraudulent practices； they are as incapable of enjoying peace or contentment； as they are of being useful members of society。
Hence the extreme cruelty of an ill…judged appearance of confidence； or careless neglect of precautions； in regard to those employed in places of trust； who may be exposed to temptations to defraud。
That prayer； which cannot be enough admired； or too often repeated； 〃LEAD US NOT INTO TEMPTATION；〃 was certainly dictated by infinite wisdom and goodness； and it should ever be borne in mind by those who are placed in stations of power and authority； and whose measures must necessarily have much influence on the happiness or misery of great numbers of people。
Honest men may be found in all countries； but I am sorry to say； that the result of all my experience and observation has tended invariably to prove； （what has often been remarked；） that it is extremely difficult to KEEP THOSE HONEST who are exposed to continual and great temptations。
There is； however； one most effectual way； not only of keeping those honest who are so already； but also of making those honest who are not so； and that is； by taking such precautions as will render it EVIDENTLY impossible for those who commit frauds to escape detection and punishment： and these precautions are never impossible； and seldom difficult； and with a little address； they may always be so taken as to be in nowise offensive to those who are the objects of them。
It is evident that the maxims and measures here recommended are not applicable merely to the Poor； but also； and more especially； to those who may be employed in the details of relieving them。
But to return once more to the subject more immediately under consideration。If individuals should extend their liberality so far as to establish public kitchens for feeding the Poor； （which is a measure I cannot too often； or too forcibly recommend；） it would be a great pity not to go one easy step further； and fit up a few rooms adjoining to the kitchen； where the Poor may be permitted to assemble to work for their own emoluments； and where schools for instructing the children of the Poor in working； and in reading and writing； may be established。 Neither the fitting up； or warming and lighting of these rooms； will be attended with any considerable expense； while the advantages which will be derived from such an Establishment for encouraging industry； and contributing to the comfort of the Poor； will be most important； and from their peculiar nature； and tendency； will be most highly interesting to every benevolent mind。
END OF ESSAY TWO。
Footnotes for Essay II。
＇1＇ This English Reader is desired to bear in mind； that the Author of this Essay； though an Englishman； is resident in Germany； and that his connections with that country render it necessary for him to pay particular attention to its circumstances； in treating a subject which he is desirous of rendering generally useful。 These is still another reason； which renders it necessary for him to have continually in view； in the Treatise； the situation of the Poor upon the Continent； and that it is an engagement which he has laid himself under to write upon that subject。
＇2＇ The only step which； in my opinion； it would be either； necessary； or prudent； for the legislature to take in any country where an Establishment for the Poor is to be formed； is to RECOMMEND to the Public a good plan for such an Establishment； and repeal； or alter all such of the existing laws as might render the introduction of it difficult or impossible。
＇3＇ This is an object of the utmost importance； and the success of the undertaking will depend in a great measure on the attention that is paid to it。
＇4＇ This measure has been followed by the most salutary effects at Munich。 The commissaries of districts flattered by this distinction have exerted themselves with uncommon zeal and assiduity in the discharge of the important duties of their office。 And very important indeed is the office of a commissary of a district in the Establishment for the Poor at Munich。
＇5＇ It will be best； if it be possible； to mention and describe the place； in the Proposals。
CONTENTS of ESSAY III。
of FOOD and particularly of FEEDING the POOR
Introduction。
CHAPTER。 I。 Great importance of the subject under consideration。 Probability that water acts a much more important part in nutrition than has hitherto been generally imagined。 Surprisingly small quantity of solid food necessary； when properly prepared； for all the purposes of nutrition。 Great importance of the art of cookery。 Barley remarkably nutritive when properly prepared。 The importance of culinary processes for preparing food shown from the known utility of a practice common in some parts of Germany of cooking for cattle。 Difficulty of introducing a charge of cookery into common use。 Means that may be employed for that purpose。
CHAPTER。 II。 Of the pleasure of eating； and of the means that may be employed for increasing it。
CHAPTER。 III。 Of the different kinds of food furnished to the poor in the house of industry at Munich； with an account of the cost of them。 Of the Expense of providing the same kinds of food in Great Britain； as well at the present high prices of provisions； as at the ordinary prices of them。 Of the various improvements of which these different kinds of cheap food are capable。
CHAPTER。 IV。 Of the small expense at which the Bavarian soldiers are fed。 Details of their housekeeping； founded on actual experiment。 An account of the fuel expended by them in cooking。
CHAPTER。 V。 Of the great importance of making soldiers eat together in regular messes。 The influence of such economical arrangements extends even to the moral character of those who are the objects of them。 Of the expence of feeding soldiers in messes。 Of the surprising smallness of the expence of feeding the poor at Munich。 Specific proposals respecting the feeding of the poor in Great Britain； with calculations of the expense； at the present prices of provisions。
CHAPTER。 VI。 Of INDIAN CORN。 It affords the cheapest and most nourishing food known。 Proofs that it is more nourishing than rice。 Different ways of preparing or cooking it。 Computation of the expense of feeding a person with it； founded on experiment。 Approved Receipt for making an INDIAN PUDDING。
CHAPTER。 VII。 Receipts for preparing various Kinds of cheap Food。 Of MACCARONI。 Of POTATOES。 Approved receipts for boiling potatoes。 Of potatoe puddings。 Of potatoe dumplings。 Of boiled potatoes with a sauce。 Of potatoe salad。 Of BARLEY Is much more nutritious than wheat。 Barley meal； a good substitute for pearl barley； for making soups。 General directions for preparing cheap soups。 Receipt for the cheapest soup that can be made。 Of SAMP Method of preparing it Is an excellent Substitute for Bread。 Of brown Soup。 Of RYE BREAD。
ESSAY III。
INTRODUCTION。
It is a common saying； that necessity is the mother of invention； and nothing is more strictly or more generally true。 It may even be shown； that most of the successive improvements in the affairs of men in a state of civil society； of which we have any authentic records； have been made under the pressure of necessity； and it is no small consolation； in times of general alarm； to reflect upon the probability that； upon such occasions； useful discoveries will result from the united exertions of those who； either from motives of fear； or sentiments of benevolence； labour to avert the impending evil。
The alarm in this country at the present period＇1＇； on account of the high price of corn； and the danger of a
