essays-1-第24章
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of those； who； by voluntary subscription； or otherwise； assist in relieving the Poor； as to be acquainted with the dwellings of the objects themselves； and this measure is as indispensable necessary when an institution for the Poor is formed in a small country…town or village； as when it is formed in the largest capital。
In many cases； it is probable； the established laws of the country in which an institution for the Poor may be formed； and certain usages； the influence of which may perhaps be still more powerful than the laws； may render modifications necessary； which it is utterly impossible for me to foresee； still the great fundamental principles upon which every sensible plan for such an Establishment must be founded； appear to me to be certain and immutable； and when rightly understood； there can be no great difficulty in accommodating the plan to all those particular circumstances under which it may be carried into execution； without making any essential alteration。
CHAPTER。 III。
General Direction of the Affairs of an Institution for the Poor attended with no great Trouble。 Of the best Method of carrying on the current Business； and the great Use of printed Forms； or Blanks。 Of the necessary qualifications of those who are placed at the Head of an Establishment for the Relief of the Poor。 Great Importance of this Subject。 Cruelty and Impolicy of putting the Poor into the Hands of Persons they cannot respect and love。 The Persons pointed out who are more immediately called upon to come forward with Schemes for the Relief of the Poor； and to give their active Assistance in carrying them into Effect。
Whatever the number of districts into which a city is divided； may be； or the number of committees employed in the management of a public Establishment for the relief of the Poor； it is indispensably necessary that all individuals who are employed in the undertaking be persons of known integrity；for courage is not more necessary in the character of a general； than unshaken integrity in the character of a governor of a public charity。 I insist the more upon this point as the whole scheme is founded upon the voluntary assistance of individuals； and therefore to ensure its success the most unlimited confidence of the public must be reposed in those who are to carry it into execution； besides； I may add； that the manner in which the funds of the various public Establishments for the relief of the Poor already instituted have been commonly been administered in most countries； does not tend to render superfluous the precautions I propose for securing the confidence of the public。
The preceding observations respecting the importance of employing none but persons of known integrity at the head of an institution for the relief of the Poor； relates chiefly to the necessity of encouraging people in affluent circumstances； and the public at large； to unite in the support of such an Establishment。There is also another reason； perhaps equally important； which renders it expedient to employ persons of the most respectable character in the details of an institution of public charity；the good effects such a choice must have upon the minds and morals of the Poor。
Persons who are reduced to indigent circumstances； and become objects of public charity； come under the direction of those who are appointed to take care of them with minds weakened by adversity； and soured by disappointment； and finding themselves separated from the rest of mankind； and cut off from all hope of seeing better days； they naturally grow peevish； and discontented； suspicious of those set over them； and of one another； and the kindest treatment； and most careful attention to every circumstance that can render their situation supportable； are therefore required； to prevent their being very unhappy。 And nothing surely can contribute more powerfully to soothe the minds of persons in such unfortunate and hopeless circumstances； than to find themselves under the care and protection of persons of gentle manners；humane dispositions；and known probity and integrity； such as even THEY；with all their suspicions about them； may venture to love and respect；
Whoever has taken the pains to investigate the nature of the human mind； and examine attentively those circumstances upon which human happiness depends； must know how necessary it is to happiness； that the mind should have some object upon which to place its more tender affectionssomething to love；to cherish； to esteem；to respect；and to venerate； and these resources are never so necessary as in the hour of adversity and discouragement； where no ray of hope is left to cheer the prospect； and stimulate to fresh exertion。
The lot of the Poor； particularly of those who； from easy circumstances and a reputable station in society； are reduced by misfortunes； or oppression； to become a burthen on the Public； is truly deplorable； after all that can be done for them： and were we seriously to consider their situation； I am sure we should think that we could never do too much to alleviate their sufferings； and soothe the anguish of wounds which can never be healed。
For the common misfortunes of life； HOPE is a sovereign remedy。 But what remedy can be applied to evils； which involve even the loss of hope itself？ and what can those have to hope； who are separated and cut off from society； and for ever excluded from all share in the affairs of men？ To them； honours；distinctions； praise；and even property itself；all those objects of laudable ambition which so powerfully excite the activity of man in civil society； and contribute so essentially to happiness； by filling the mind with pleasing prospects of future enjoyments； are but empty names； or rather； they are subjects of never…ceasing regret and discontent。
That gloom must indeed be dreadful； which overspreads the mind； when HOPE； that bright luminary of the soul； which enlightens and cheers it； and excites and calls forth into action all its best faculties； has disappeared！
There are many； it is true； who； from their indolence or extravagance； or other vicious habits； fall into poverty and distress； and become a burthen on the public； who are so vile and degenerate as not to feel the wretchedness of their situation。 But these are miserable objects； which the truly benevolent will regard with an eye of peculiar compassion；they must be very unhappy； for they are very vicious； and nothing should be omitted； that can tend to reclaim them；but nothing will tend so powerfully to reform them； as kind usage from the hands of persons they must learn to love and to respect at the same time。
If I am too prolix upon this head； I am sorry for it。 It is a strong conviction of the great importance of the subject； which carries me away； and makes me； perhaps； tiresome； where I would wish most to avoid it。 The care of the Poor； however； I must consider as a matter of very serious importance。 It appears to me to be one of the most sacred duties imposed upon men in a state of civil society；one of those duties imposed immediately by the hand of God himself； and of which the neglect never goes unpunished。
What I have said respecting the necessary qualifications of those employed in taking care of the Poor； I hope will not deter well…disposed persons； who are willing to assist in so useful an undertaking； from coming forward with propositions for the institution of public Establishments for that purpose； or from offering themselves candidates for employments in the management of such Establishments。 The qualifications pointed out； integrity； and a gentle and humane disposition；honesty； and a good heart； are such as any one may boldly lay claim to； without fear of being taxed with vanity or ostentation。And if individuals in private stations； on any occasion are called upon to lay aside their bashfulness and modest dissidence； and come forward into public view； it must surely be； when by their exertions they can essentially contribute to promote measures which are calculated to increase the happiness and prosperity of society。
It is a vulgar saying； that； what is everybody's business； is nobody's business； and it is very certain that many schemes； ev
