essays-1-第12章
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
ns in all the butchers' shops in the town。 In doing this； two objects were had in view； first the convenience of the butchers； that in cutting up their meat they might have a convenient place to lay by that which they should destine for the poor till it should be called for； and secondly； to give an opportunity to those who bought meat in their shops to throw in any odd scraps； or bones； they might receive； and which they might not think worth the trouble of carrying home。
These odd pieces are more frequently to be met with in the lots which are sold in the butchers' shops in Munich than in almost any other town； for the price of meat is fixed by authority； the butchers have a right to sell the whole carcase； the bad pieces with the good； so that with each good lot there is what in this country is called the zugewicht； that is to say； an indifferent scrap of offal meat； or piece of bone； to make up the weight； and these refuse pieces were very often thrown into the poor's tub； and after being properly cleaned and boiled； served to make their soup much more savoury and nourishing。
In the collection of the daily donations of bread； as that article is more valuable； and more easily concealed and disposed of； more precautions were used to prevent frauds on the parts of the servants who were sent round to make the collection。
The cart which was employed for this purpose was furnished with a large wooden chest； firmly nailed down upon it； and provided with a good lock and key； and this chest； which was neatly painted； and embellished with a inscription； was so contrived； by means of an opening in the top of a large vertical wooden tube fixed in its lid； and made in the form of a mouse…trap； that when it was locked； （as it always was when it was sent round for the donations of bread；） a loaf of bread； or any thing of that size； could be put into it； but nothing could be taken out of it by the same opening。 Upon the return of the cart； the bread…chest was opened by the steward； who keeps the key of it； and its contents； after being entered in a register kept for that purpose； were delivered over to the care of the store…keeper。
The bread collected was commonly such as not having been sold in time； had become too old； hard； and stale for the market； but which； being cut fine； a handful of it put into a basin of good pease…soup； was a great addition to it。
The amount of these charitable donations in kind； may be seen in the transactions of the original returns； which are annexed in the Appendix； No。 III。
The collections of soup were not long continued； it being found to be in general of much too inferior a quality to be mixed with the soup made in the kitchen of the poor…house； but the collections of bread； and of meat； continue to this time； and are still very productive。
But the greatest resource in feeding the poor； is one which I am but just beginning to avail myself of；the use of potatoes＇10＇。 Of this subject； however； I shall treat more largely hereafter。
The above…mentioned precautions used in making collections in kind； may perhaps appear trifling； and superfluous； they were nevertheless very necessary。 It was also found necessary to change all the poor's…boxes in the churches； to prevent their being robbed； for though in those which were first put up； the openings were not only small； but ended in a curved tube； so that it appeared almost impossible to get any of the money out of the box by the same opening by which it was put into it； yet means were found； by introducing into the opening thin pieces of elastic wood； covered with bird…lime； to rob the boxes。 This was prevented in the new boxes； by causing the money to descend through a sort of bag； with a hold in the bottom of it； or rather a flexible tube； made of chain…work； with iron wire； suspended in the middle of the box。
CHAPTER。 VI。
Apology for the want of method in treating the subject under consideration。 Of the various means used for encouraging industry among the poor。 Of the internal arrangement and government of the house of industry。 Why called the military work…house。 Of the manner in which the business is carried on there。 Of the various means used for preventing frauds in carrying on the business in the different manufactures。 Of the flourishing state of those manufactures。
Though all the different parts of a well arranged establishment go on together； and harmonize； like the parts of a piece of music in full score； yet； in describing such an establishment； it is impossible to write like the musician； in score； and to make all the parts of the narrative advance together。 Various movements； which exist together； and which have the most intimate connection and dependence upon each other； must nevertheless be described separately； and the greatest care and attention； and frequently no small share of address； are necessary in the management of such descriptions； to render the details intelligible； and to give the whole its full effect of order；dependence； connection；and harmony。 And in no case can these difficulties be greater； than in descriptions like those in which I am now engaged； where the number of the objects； and of the details； is so great； that it is difficult to determine which should be attended to first； and how far it may safely be pursued； without danger of the others being too far removed from their proper places；or excluded； or forgotten。
The various measures adopted； and precautions taken； in arresting the beggars；in collecting and distributing alms；in establishing order and police among them；in feeding and clothing the poor； and in establishing various manufactures for giving them employment； are all subjects which deserve； and require； the most particular explanation； yet those are not only operations which were begun at the same time； and carried on together； but they are so dependent upon each other； that it is almost impossible to have a complete idea of the one； without being acquainted with the others； or of treating of the one； without mentioning the others at the same time。This； therefore； must be my excuse； if I am taxed with want of method； or of perspicuity in the descriptions； and this being premised； I shall proceed to give an account of the various objects and operations which yet remain to be described。
I have already observed how necessary it was to encourage； by every possible means； a spirit of industry and emulation among those； who； from leading a life of indolence and debauchery； were to be made useful members of society； and I have mentioned some of the measures which were adopted for that purpose。 It remains for me to pursue this interesting subject； and to treat it； in all its details； with that care and attention which its importance so justly demands。
Though a very generous price was paid for labour； in the different manufactures in which the poor were employed； yet； that alone was not enough to interest them sufficiently in the occupations in which they were engaged。 To excite their activity； and inspire them with a true spirit of persevering industry； it was necessary to fire them with emulation；to awaken in them a dormant passion； whose influence they had never felt；the love of honest fame； and ardent desire to excel；the love of glory；or by what other more humble or pompous name this passion； the most noble； and most beneficent that warms the human heart； can be distinguished。
To excite emulation；praise；distinctions；rewards are necessary； and these were all employed。 Those who distinguished themselves by their application；by their industry；by their address；were publicly praised and encouraged；brought forward； and placed in the most conspicuous situations；pointed out to strangers who visited the establishment； and particularly named and proposed as models for others to copy。 A particular dress； a sort of uniform for the establishment； which； though very economical； as may be seen by the details which will be given of it in another place； was nevertheless elegant； was provided； and this dress； as it was given out gratis； and only bestowed upon those who particularly distinguished themselves； was soon looked upon as an honourable mark of approved merit； and
