on sleep and sleeplessness-第3章

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holding　of　that　breath　which　comes　from　without；　but；　in　creatures



which　do　not　respire；　of　that　which　is　connatural　（which　explains



why　winged　insects　of　the　class　holoptera；　when　they　move；　are



perceived　to　make　a　humming　noise；　due　to　the　friction　of　the



connatural　spirit　colliding　with　the　diaphragm）；　and　since　movement



is；　in　every　animal；　attended　with　some　sense…perception；　either



internal　or　external；　in　the　primary　organ　of　sense；　＇we　conclude＇



accordingly　that　if　sleeping　and　waking　are　affections　of　this



organ；　the　place　in　which；　or　the　organ　in　which；　sleep　and　waking



originate；　is　self…evident　＇being　that　in　which　movement　and



sense…perception　originate；　viz。　the　heart＇。



　　Some　persons　move　in　their　sleep；　and　perform　many　acts　like



waking　acts；　but　not　without　a　phantasm　or　an　exercise　of



sense…perception；　for　a　dream　is　in　a　certain　way　a



sense…impression。　But　of　them　we　have　to　speak　later　on。　Why　it　is



that　persons　when　aroused　remember　their　dreams；　but　do　not　remember



these　acts　which　are　like　waking　acts；　has　been　already　explained　in



the　work　'Of　Problems'。







　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　3







　　The　point　for　consideration　next　in　order　to　the　preceding



is：…What　are　the　processes　in　which　the　affection　of　waking　and



sleeping　originates；　and　whence　do　they　arise？　Now；　since　it　is　when



it　has　sense…perception　that　an　animal　must　first　take　food　and



receive　growth；　and　in　all　cases　food　in　its　ultimate　form　is；　in



sanguineous　animals；　the　natural　substance　blood；　or；　in　bloodless



animals；　that　which　is　analogous　to　this；　and　since　the　veins　are



the　place　of　the　blood；　while　the　origin　of　these　is　the　heart…an



assertion　which　is　proved　by　anatomy…it　is　manifest　that；　when　the



external　nutriment　enters　the　parts　fitted　for　its　reception；　the



evaporation　arising　from　it　enters　into　the　veins；　and　there；



undergoing　a　change；　is　converted　into　blood；　and　makes　its　way　to



their　source　＇the　heart＇。　We　have　treated　of　all　this　when



discussing　the　subject　of　nutrition；　but　must　here　recapitulate　what



was　there　said；　in　order　that　we　may　obtain　a　scientific　view　of　the



beginnings　of　the　process；　and　come　to　know　what　exactly　happens　to



the　primary　organ　of　sense…perception　to　account　for　the　occurrence　of



waking　and　sleep。　For　sleep；　as　has　been　shown；　is　not　any　given



impotence　of　the　perceptive　faculty；　for　unconsciousness；　a　certain



form　of　asphyxia；　and　swooning；　all　produce　such　impotence。　Moreover



it　is　an　established　fact　that　some　persons　in　a　profound　trance



have　still　had　the　imaginative　faculty　in　play。　This　last　point；



indeed；　gives　rise　to　a　difficulty；　for　if　it　is　conceivable　that



one　who　had　swooned　should　in　this　state　fall　asleep；　the　phantasm



also　which　then　presented　itself　to　his　mind　might　be　regarded　as　a



dream。　Persons；　too；　who　have　fallen　into　a　deep　trance；　and　have　come



to　be　regarded　as　dead；　say　many　things　while　in　this　condition。　The



same　view；　however；　is　to　be　taken　of　all　these　cases；　＇i。e。　that　they



are　not　cases　of　sleeping　or　dreaming＇。



　　As　we　observed　above；　sleep　is　not　co…extensive　with　any　and　every



impotence　of　the　perceptive　faculty；　but　this　affection　is　one　which



arises　from　the　evaporation　attendant　upon　the　process　of　nutrition。



The　matter　evaporated　must　be　driven　onwards　to　a　certain　point；



then　turn　back；　and　change　its　current　to　and　fro；　like　a　tide…race　in



a　narrow　strait。　Now；　in　every　animal　the　hot　naturally　tends　to



move　＇and　carry　other　things＇　upwards；　but　when　it　has　reached　the



parts　above　＇becoming　cool＇；　it　turns　back　again；　and　moves



downwards　in　a　mass。　This　explains　why　fits　of　drowsiness　are



especially　apt　to　come　on　after　meals；　for　the　matter；　both　the　liquid



and　the　corporeal；　which　is　borne　upwards　in　a　mass；　is　then　of



considerable　quantity。　When；　therefore；　this　comes　to　a　stand　it



weighs　a　person　down　and　causes　him　to　nod；　but　when　it　has　actually



sunk　downwards；　and　by　its　return　has　repulsed　the　hot；　sleep　comes



on；　and　the　animal　so　affected　is　presently　asleep。　A　confirmation



of　this　appears　from　considering　the　things　which　induce　sleep；　they



all；　whether　potable　or　edible；　for　instance　poppy；　mandragora；



wine；　darnel；　produce　a　heaviness　in　the　head；　and　persons　borne



down　＇by　sleepiness＇　and　nodding　＇drowsily＇　all　seem　affected　in



this　way；　i。e。　they　are　unable　to　lift　up　the　head　or　the　eye…lids。



And　it　is　after　meals　especially　that　sleep　comes　on　like　this；　for



the　evaporation　from　the　foods　eaten　is　then　copious。　It　also



follows　certain　forms　of　fatigue；　for　fatigue　operates　as　a　solvent；



and　the　dissolved　matter　acts；　if　not　cold；　like　food　prior　to



digestion。　Moreover；　some　kinds　of　illness　have　this　same　effect；



those　arising　from　moist　and　hot　secretions；　as　happens　with



fever…patients　and　in　cases　of　lethargy。　Extreme　youth　also　has　this



effect；　infants；　for　example；　sleep　a　great　deal；　because　of　the



food　being　all　borne　upwards…a　mark　whereof　appears　in　the



disproportionately　large　size　of　the　upper　parts　compared　with　the



lower　during　infancy；　which　is　due　to　the　fact　that　growth



predominates　in　the　direction　of　the　former。　Hence　also　they　are



subject　to　epileptic　seizures；　for　sleep　is　like　epilepsy；　and；　in　a



sense；　actually　is　a　seizure　of　this　sort。　Accordingly；　the



beginning　of　this　malady　takes　place　with　many　during　sleep；　and　their



subsequent　habitual　seizures　occur　in　sleep；　not　in　waking　hours。



For　when　the　spirit　＇evaporation＇　moves　upwards　in　a　volume；　on　its



return　downwards　it　distends　the　veins；　and　forcibly　compresses　the



passage　through　which　respiration　is　effected。　This　explains　why　wines



are　not　good　for　infants　or　for　wet　nurses　（for　it　makes　no



difference；　doubtless；　whether　the　infants　themselves；　or　their



nurses；　drink　them）；　but　such　persons　should　drink　them　＇if　at　all＇



diluted　with　water　and　in　small　quantity。　For　wine　is　spirituous；



and　of　all　wines　the　dark　more　so　than　any　other。　The　upper　parts；



in　infants；　are　so　filled　with　nutriment　that　within　five　months



＇after　birth＇　they　do　not　even　turn　the　neck　＇sc。　to　raise　the



head＇；　for　in　them；　as　in　persons　deeply　intoxicated；　there　is　ever



a　large　quantity　of　moisture　ascending。　It　is　reasonable；　too；　to



think　that　this　affection　is　the　cause　of　the　embryo's　remaining　at



rest　in　the　womb　at　first。　Also；　as　a　general　rule；　persons　whose



veins　are　inconspicuous；　as　well　as　those　who　are　dwarf…like；　or



have　abnormally　large　heads；　are　addicted　to　sleep。　For　in　the



former　the　veins　are　narrow；　so　that　it　is　not　easy　for　the　moisture



to　flow　down　through　them；　while　in　the　case　of　dwarfs　and　those　whose



heads　are　abnormally　large；　the　impetus　of　the　evaporation　upwards



is　excessive。　Those　＇on　the　contrary＇　whose　veins　are　large　are；



thanks　to　the　easy　flow　through　the　veins；　not　addicted　to　sleep；



unless；　indeed；　they　labour　under　some　other　affection　which



counteracts　＇this　easy　flow＇。　Nor　are　the　'atrabilious'　addicted　to



sleep；　for　in　them　the　inward　region　is　cooled　so　that　the　quantity　of



evaporation　in　their　case　is　not　great。　For　this　reason　they　have



large　appetites；　though　spare　and　lean；　for　their　bodily　condition



is　as　if　they　derived　no　benefit　from　what　they　eat。　The　dark　bile；



too；　being　itself　naturally　cold；　cools　also　the　nutrient　tract；　and



the　other　parts　wheresoever　such　secretion　is　potentially　present



＇i。e。　tends　to　be　formed＇。



　　Hence　it　is　plain　from　what　has　been　said　that　sleep　is　a　sort　of



concentration；　or　natural　recoil；