on sleep and sleeplessness-第2章

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promoted；　a　fact　which　implies　that　creatures　do　not　need



sense…perception　to　assist　these　processes。







　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　2







　　We　must　now　proceed　to　inquire　into　the　cause　why　one　sleeps　and



wakes；　and　into　the　particular　nature　of　the　sense…perception；　or



sense…perceptions；　if　there　be　several；　on　which　these　affections



depend。　Since；　then；　some　animals　possess　all　the　modes　of



sense…perception；　and　some　not　all；　not；　for　example；　sight；　while　all



possess　touch　and　taste；　except　such　animals　as　are　imperfectly



developed；　a　class　of　which　we　have　already　treated　in　our　work　on　the



soul；　and　since　an　animal　when　asleep　is　unable　to　exercise；　in　the



simple　sense　any　particular　sensory　faculty　whatever；　it　follows



that　in　the　state　called　sleep　the　same　affection　must　extend　to　all



the　special　senses；　because；　if　it　attaches　itself　to　one　of　them



but　not　to　another；　then　an　animal　while　asleep　may　perceive　with



the　latter；　but　this　is　impossible。



　　Now；　since　every　sense　has　something　peculiar；　and　also　something



common；　peculiar；　as；　e。g。　seeing　is　to　the　sense　of　sight；　hearing　to



the　auditory　sense；　and　so　on　with　the　other　senses　severally；　while



all　are　accompanied　by　a　common　power；　in　virtue　whereof　a　person



perceives　that　he　sees　or　hears　（for；　assuredly；　it　is　not　by　the



special　sense　of　sight　that　one　sees　that　he　sees；　and　it　is　not　by



mere　taste；　or　sight；　or　both　together　that　one　discerns；　and　has



the　faculty　of　discerning；　that　sweet　things　are　different　from



white　things；　but　by　a　faculty　connected　in　common　with　all　the　organs



of　sense；　for　there　is　one　sensory　function；　and　the　controlling



sensory　faculty　is　one；　though　differing　as　a　faculty　of　perception　in



relation　to　each　genus　of　sensibles；　e。g。　sound　or　colour）；　and



since　this　＇common　sensory　activity＇　subsists　in　association　chiefly



with　the　faculty　of　touch　（for　this　can　exist　apart　from　all　the　other



organs　of　sense；　but　none　of　them　can　exist　apart　from　it…a　subject　of



which　we　have　treated　in　our　speculations　concerning　the　Soul）；　it



is　therefore　evident　that　waking　and　sleeping　are　an　affection　of　this



＇common　and　controlling　organ　of　sense…perception＇。　This　explains



why　they　belong　to　all　animals；　for　touch　＇with　which　this　common



organ　is　chiefly　connected＇；　alone；　＇is　common＇　to　all　＇animals＇。



　　For　if　sleeping　were　caused　by　the　special　senses　having　each　and



all　undergone　some　affection；　it　would　be　strange　that　these　senses；



for　which　it　is　neither　necessary　nor　in　a　manner　possible　to



realize　their　powers　simultaneously；　should　necessarily　all　go　idle



and　become　motionless　simultaneously。　For　the　contrary　experience；



viz。　that　they　should　not　go　to　rest　altogether；　would　have　been



more　reasonably　anticipated。　But；　according　to　the　explanation　just



given；　all　is　quite　clear　regarding　those　also。　For；　when　the　sense



organ　which　controls　all　the　others；　and　to　which　all　the　others　are



tributary；　has　been　in　some　way　affected；　that　these　others　should



be　all　affected　at　the　same　time　is　inevitable；　whereas；　if　one　of　the



tributaries　becomes　powerless；　that　the　controlling　organ　should



also　become　powerless　need　in　no　wise　follow。



　　It　is　indeed　evident　from　many　considerations　that　sleep　does　not



consist　in　the　mere　fact　that　the　special　senses　do　not　function　or



that　one　does　not　employ　them；　and　that　it　does　not　consist　merely



in　an　inability　to　exercise　the　sense…perceptions；　for　such　is　what



happens　in　cases　of　swooning。　A　swoon　means　just　such　impotence　of



perception；　and　certain　other　cases　of　unconsciousness　also　are　of



this　nature。　Moreover；　persons　who　have　the　bloodvessels　in　the　neck



compressed　become　insensible。　But　sleep　supervenes　when　such



incapacity　of　exercise　has　neither　arisen　in　some　casual　organ　of



sense；　nor　from　some　chance　cause；　but　when；　as　has　been　just



stated；　it　has　its　seat　in　the　primary　organ　with　which　one



perceives　objects　in　general。　For　when　this　has　become　powerless　all



the　other　sensory　organs　also　must　lack　power　to　perceive；　but　when



one　of　them　has　become　powerless；　it　is　not　necessary　for　this　also　to



lose　its　power。



　　We　must　next　state　the　cause　to　which　it　is　due；　and　its　quality



as　an　affection。　Now；　since　there　are　several　types　of　cause　（for　we



assign　equally　the　'final'；　the　'efficient'；　the　'material'；　and　the



'formal'　as　causes）；　in　the　first　place；　then；　as　we　assert　that



Nature　operates　for　the　sake　of　an　end；　and　that　this　end　is　a　good；



and　that　to　every　creature　which　is　endowed　by　nature　with　the　power



to　move；　but　cannot　with　pleasure　to　itself　move　always　and



continuously；　rest　is　necessary　and　beneficial；　and　since；　taught　by



experience；　men　apply　to　sleep　this　metaphorical　term；　calling　it　a



'rest'　＇from　the　strain　of　movement　implied　in　sense…perception＇：　we



conclude　that　its　end　is　the　conservation　of　animals。　But　the　waking



state　is　for　an　animal　its　highest　end；　since　the　exercise　of



sense…perception　or　of　thought　is　the　highest　end　for　all　beings　to



which　either　of　these　appertains；　inasmuch　as　these　are　best；　and



the　highest　end　is　what　is　best：　whence　it　follows　that　sleep



belongs　of　necessity　to　each　animal。　I　use　the　term　'necessity'　in　its



conditional　sense；　meaning　that　if　an　animal　is　to　exist　and　have



its　own　proper　nature；　it　must　have　certain　endowments；　and；　if



these　are　to　belong　to　it；　certain　others　likewise　must　belong　to　it



＇as　their　condition。＇



　　The　next　question　to　be　discussed　is　that　of　the　kind　of　movement　or



action；　taking　place　within　their　bodies；　from　which　the　affection



of　waking　or　sleeping　arises　in　animals。　Now；　we　must　assume　that



the　causes　of　this　affection　in　all　other　animals　are　identical



with；　or　analogous　to；　those　which　operate　in　sanguineous　animals；　and



that　the　causes　operating　in　sanguineous　animals　generally　are



identical　with　those　operating　in　man。　Hence　we　must　consider　the



entire　subject　in　the　light　of　these　instances　＇afforded　by



sanguineous　animals；　especially　man＇。　Now；　it　has　been　definitely



settled　already　in　another　work　that　sense…perception　in　animals



originates　ill　the　same　part　of　the　organism　in　which　movement



originates。　This　locus　of　origination　is　one　of　three　determinate



loci；　viz。　that　which　lies　midway　between　the　head　and　the　abdomen。



This　is　sanguineous　animals　is　the　region　of　the　heart；　for　all



sanguineous　animals　have　a　heart；　and　from　this　it　is　that　both　motion



and　the　controlling　sense…perception　originate。　Now；　as　regards



movement；　it　is　obvious　that　that　of　breathing　and　of　the　cooling



process　generally　takes　its　rise　there；　and　it　is　with　a　view　to　the



conservation　of　the　＇due　amount　of＇　heat　in　this　part　that　nature



has　formed　as　she　has　both　the　animals　which　respire；　and　those



which　cool　themselves　by　moisture。　Of　this　＇cooling　process＇　per　se　we



shall　treat　hereafter。　In　bloodless　animals；　and　insects；　and　such



as　do　not　respire；　the　'connatural　spirit'　is　seen　alternately



puffed　up　and　subsiding　in　the　part　which　is　in　them　analogous　＇to　the



region　of　the　heart　in　sanguineous　animals＇。　This　is　clearly



observable　in　the　holoptera　＇insects　with　undivided　wings＇　as　wasps



and　bees；　also　in　flies　and　such　creatures。　And　since　to　move



anything；　or　do　anything；　is　impossible　without　strength；　and



holding　the　breath　produces　strength…in　creatures　which　inhale；　the



holding　of　that　breath　which　comes　from　without；　but；　in　creatures



which　do　not　respire；　of　that　which　is　connatural　（which　explains