the origins of contemporary france-1-第95章
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pieces; to row in the galleys; to suffer any misery through which we
have passed; or sit still and do nothing?〃 … 〃That is the great
question;〃 said Candide。
'25'。 For example; in the lines addressed to the Princess Ulrique
in the preface to 〃Alzire;〃 dedicated to Madame du Chatelet:
〃Souvent un peu de verité;〃 etc。
'26' The scholar in the dialogue of 〃Le Mais;〃 (Jenny)。 … The
canonization of Saint Cucufin。 … Advice to brother Pediculuso。 …
The diatribe of Doctor Akakia。 … Conversation of the emperor of
China with brother Rigolo; etc。
'27'。 〃Dict。 Philosophique;〃 the article 〃Ignorance。〃 … 〃Les
Oreilles du Comte de Chesterfied。〃 … 〃L'homme au quarante écus;〃
chap。 VII。 and XI。
'28'。 Bachaumont; III; 194。 (The death of the Comte de Maugiron)。
'29'。 〃The novels of the younger Crébillon were in fashion。 My
father spoke with Madame de Puisieux on the ease with which licentious
works were composed; he contended that it was only necessary to find
an arousing idea as a peg to hang others on in which intellectual
libertinism should be a substitute for taste。 She challenged him to
produce on of this kind。 At the end of a fortnight he brought her
'Les bijoux indiscrets' and fifty louis。〃 (Mémoires of Diderot; by his
daughter)。 … 〃La Religieuse;〃 has a similar origin; its object
being to mystify M。 de Croismart。
'30'。 〃Le Rêve de d'Alembert。〃
'31'。 〃Le neveau de Rameau。〃
'32'。 The words of Diderot himself in relation to the 〃Rêve de
d'Alembert。〃
'33' One of the finest stanzas in 〃Souvenir〃 is almost literally
transcribed (involuntarily; I suppose); from the dialogue on Otaheite
(Tahiti)。
'34'。 〃Nouvelle Héloise;〃 passim。; and notably Julie's
extraordinary letter; second part; number 15。 … 〃émile;〃 the
preceptor's discourse to émile and Sophie the morning after their
marriage。 … Letter of the comtesse de Boufflers to Gustavus III。;
published by Geffroy; (〃Gustave III。 et la cour de France〃)。 〃I
entrust to Baron de Lederheim; though with reluctance; a book for you
which has just been published; the infamous memoirs of Rousseau
entitled 'Confessions。' They seem to me those of a common scullion and
even lower than that; being dull throughout; whimsical and vicious in
the most offensive manner。 I do not recur to my worship of him (for
such it was) I shall never console myself for its having caused the
death of that eminent man David Hume; who; to gratify me; undertook to
entertain that filthy animal in England。〃
'35'。 〃Confessions;〃 part I; book III。
'36'。 Letter to M; de Beaumont。
'37'。 〃émile;〃 letter IV。 193。 〃People of the world must
necessarily put on disguise; let them show themselves as they are and
they would horrify us;〃 etc。
'38'。 See; especially; his book entitled 〃Rousseau juge de Jean…
Jacques;〃 his connection with Hume and the last books of the
〃confessions。〃
'39'。 〃Confessions;〃 part 2。 book XI。 〃The women were
intoxicated with the book and with the author to such an extent that
there were few of them; even of high rank; whose conquest I could not
have made if I had undertaken it。 I possess evidence of this which I
do not care; to publish; and which; without having been obliged to
prove it by experience; warrant; my statement。〃 Cf。 G。 Sand;
〃Histoire de ma vie;〃 I。73。
'40'。 See an engraving by Moreau called 〃Les Petits Parrains。〃 …
Berquin; passim。; and among others 〃L'épée。〃 … Remark the ready…
made phrases; the style of an author common to children; in Berquin
and Madame de Genlis。
'41'。 See the description of sunrise in 〃émile;〃 of the élysée (a
natural garden); in 〃Héloise。〃 And especially in 〃Emile;〃 at the end
of the fourth book; the pleasures which Rousseau would enjoy if he
were rich。
'42'。 See in Marivaux; (〃La double inconstance;〃) a satire on the
court; courtiers and the corruptions of high life; opposed to the
common people in the country。
'43' Bachmaumont; I。 254。
'44'。 〃A calculator was required for the place but a dancer got
it。〃 … 〃The sale of offices is a great abuse。〃 …〃Yes; it would he
better to give them for nothing。〃 … 〃Only small men fear small
literature。〃 … 〃Chance makes the interval; the mind only can alter
that !〃 … 〃A courtier? … they say it is a very difficult
profession。〃 … 〃To receive; to take; and to ask; is the secret in
three words;〃 etc; … Also the entire monologue by Figaro; and all
the scenes with Bridoisin。
CHAPTER II。 THE FRENCH PUBLIC。
I。 THE NOBILITY。
The Aristocracy。 … Novelty commonly repugnant to it。 …
Conditions of this repugnance。 … Example in England。
This public has yet to be made willing to be convinced and to be
won over; belief occurs only when there is a disposition to believe;
and; in the success of books; its share is often greater than that of
their authors。 On addressing men about politics or religion their
opinions are; in general already formed; their prejudices; their
interests; their situation have confirmed them beforehand; they listen
to you only after you have uttered aloud what they inwardly think。
Propose to them to demolish the great social edifice and to rebuild it
anew on a quite an opposite plan: ordinarily you auditors will consist
only of those who are poorly lodged or shelterless; who live in
garrets or cellars; or who sleep under the stars; on the bare ground
in the vicinity of houses。 The common run of people; whose lodgings
are small but tolerable; dread moving and adhere to their accustomed
ways。 The difficulty becomes much greater on appealing to the upper
classes who occupy superior habitations; their acceptance of your
proposal depends either on their great delusions or on their great
disinterestedness。 In England they quickly foresee the danger。
In vain is philosophy there indigenous and precocious; it does not
become acclimatized。 In 1729; Montesquieu writes in his memorandum…
book: 〃No religion in England; four or five members of the House of
Commons attend mass or preaching in the House。 。 。 。 When
religion is mentioned everybody begins to laugh。 A man having said:
I believe that as an article of faith; everybody laughed。 A
committee is appointed to consider the state of religion; but it is
regarded as absurd。〃 Fifty years later the public mind undergoes a
reaction; all with a good roof over their heads and a good coat on
their backs'1' see the consequence of the new doctrines。 In any
event they feel that closet speculations are not to become street
preaching。 Impiety seems to them an indiscretion; they consider
religion as the cement of public order。 This is owing to the fact
that they are themselves public men; engaged in active life; taking a
part in the government; and instructed through their daily and
personal experience。 Practical life fortifies them against the
chimeras of theorists; they have proved to themselves how difficult it
is to lead and to control men。 Having had their hand on the machine
they know how it works; its value; its cost; and they are not tempted
to cast it aside as rubbish to try another; said to be superior; but
which; as yet; exists only on paper。 The baronet; or squire; a
justice on his own domain; has no trouble in discerning in the
clergyman of his parish an indispensable co…worker and a natural ally。
The duke or marquis; sitting in the upper house by the side of
bishops; requires their votes to pass bills; and their assistance to
rally to his party the fifteen hundred curates who influence the rural
conscience。 Thus all have a hand on some social wheel; large or
small; principal or accessory; and this endows them with earnestness;
foresight and good sense。 On coming in contact with realities there
is no temptation to soar away into the imaginary world; the fact of
one