the origins of contemporary france-1-第80章

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1782　in　the　〃Bibliothèque　du　Législateur；〃　quoted　by　Roux　and　Buchez

〃Histoire　parlementaire；〃　XIII；　431。



＇28＇　The　words　of　Rousseau　himself　（〃Rousseau　juge　de　Jan…Jacques；〃

third　dialogue；　p　193）：　From　whence　may　the　painter　and　apologist　of

nature；　now　so　disfigured　and　so　calumniated；　derive　his　model　if　not

from　his　own　heart　？〃



＇29＇　〃Confessions；〃　Book　I。　　p。1；　and　the　end　of　the　fifth　book。　　

First　letter　to　M。　de　Malesherbes：　〃I　know　my　great　faults；　and　am

profoundly　sensible　of　my　vices。　　Even　so　I　shall　die　with　the

conviction　that　of　all　the　men　I　have　encountered　no　one　was　better

than　myself〃。　　　　To　Madame　B…；　March　16；　1770；　he　writes：　〃You

have　awarded　me　esteem　for　my　writings；　your　esteem　would　be　yet

greater　for　my　life　if　it　were　open　to　you　inspection；　and　still

greater　for　my　heart　if　it　were　exposed　to　your　view。　　Never　was　there

a　better　one；　a　heart　more　tender　or　more　just。。。。　　My　misfortunes　are

all　due　to　my　virtues。〃　　　　To　Madame　de　la　Tour；　〃Whoever　is　not

enthusiastic　in　my　behalf　in　unworthy　of　me。〃



＇30＇　Letter　to　M。　de　Beaumont。　　p。24。　　…　Rousseau　juge　de　Jean…

Jacques；　troisième　entretien；　193。



＇31＇　〃Emile；〃　book　I；　and　the　letter　to　M。　de　Beaumont；　passim。



＇32＇　Article　I。　　〃All　Frenchmen　shall　be　virtuous。〃　Article　II。　　〃All

Frenchmen　shall　be　happy。〃　Draft　of　a　constitution　found　among　the

papers　of　Sismondi；　at　that　time　in　school。　　（My　French　dictionary

writes：　〃SISMONDI；　（Jean　Charles　Léonard　Simonde　de）　Genève；　1773　…

id。　　1842；　Swiss　historian　and　economist　of　Italian　origin。　　He　was　a

forerunner　of　dirigisme　and　had　influenced　Marx　with　his　book：

〃Nouveaux　principes　d'économie　politique。1819。　　SR。）



＇33＇　〃Confessions；〃　part　2；　book　IX。　　368。　　〃I　cannot　comprehend　how

any　one　can　converse　in　a　circle。　　。　　。　　。　　I　stammer　out　a　few　words；

with　no　meaning　in　them；　as　quickly　as　I　can；　very　glad　if　they　convey

no　sense。　　。　　。　　。　　I　should　be　as　fond　of　society　as　anybody　if　I　were

not　certain　of　appearing　not　merely　to　disadvantage　but　wholly

different　from　what　I　really　am。〃　　　　Cf。　　in　the　〃Nouvelle　Héloise；〃

2nd　part；　the　letter　of　Saint…Preux　on　Paris。　　Also　in　〃Emilie；〃　the

end　of　book　IV。



＇34＇　〃Confessions；〃　part　2；　IX。　　361。　　〃I　was　so　weary　of　drawing…

rooms；　of　jets　of　water；　of　bowers；　of　flower…beds　and　of　those　that

showed　them　to　me；　I　was　so　overwhelmed　with　pamphlets；　harpsichords；

games；　knots；　stupid　witticisms；　simpering　looks；　petty　story…tellers

and　heavy　suppers；　that　when　I　spied　out　a　corner　in　a　hedge；　a　bush；

a　barn；　a　meadow；　or　when；　on　passing　through　a　hamlet；　I　caught　the

smell　of　a　good　parsley　omelet　。　　。　　I　sent　to　the　devil　all　the　rouge；

frills；　flounces　and　perfumery；　and；　regretting　a　plain　dinner　and

common　wine；　I　would　gladly　have　closed　the　mouth　of　both　the　head

cook　and　the　butler　who　forced　me　to　dine　when　I　generally　sup；　and　to

sup　when　a　generally　go　to　bed；　but；　especially　the　lackeys　that

envied　me　every　morsel　I　ate　and　who；　at　the　risk　of　my　dying　with

thirst；　sold　me　the　drugged　wine　of　their　master　at　ten　times　the

price　I　would　have　to　pay　for　a　better　wine　at　a　tavern。〃



＇35＇　〃Discours　sur　l'influence　des　sciences　et　des　arts〃　　　　The

letter　to　d'Alembert　on　theatrical　performances。



＇36＇　Does　it　not　read　like　a　declaration　of　intent　for　forming　a

Kibbutz？　（SR。）



＇37＇　〃The　high　society　（La　societé）　is　as　natural　to　the　human

species　as　decrepitude　to　the　individual。　　The　people　require　arts；

laws；　and　governments；　as　old　men　require　crutches。〃　See　the　letter　M。

Philopolis；　p。　　248。



＇38＇　See　the　discourse　on　the　〃Origine　de　l'Inégalite；〃　passim。



＇39＇　〃Emile；〃　book　IV。　　Rousseau's　narrative。　　P。　　13。



＇40＇　〃Discours　sur　l'économie　politique；〃　326。



＇41＇　〃Discours　sur　l'Origine　de　l'Inégalité；〃　178；　〃Contrat

Social；〃　I。　　ch。　　IV。



＇42＇　Condorcet；　〃Tableau　des　progrès　de　l'esprit　humain；〃　the　tenth

epoch。











CHAPTER　IV。　　ORGANIZING　THE　FUTURE　SOCIETY。



I。　　　LIBERTY；　EQUALITY　AND　SOVEREIGNTY　OF　THE　PEOPLE。



The　mathematical　method。　　…　Definition　of　man　in　the　abstract。　　…　The

social　contract。　　…　Independence　and　equality　of　the　contractors。　　…　All

equal　before　the　law　and　each　sharing　in　the　sovereignty。



　　Consider　future　society　as　it　appears　at　this　moment　to　our

legislators　in　their　study；　and　bear　in　mind　that　it　will　soon　appear

under　the　same　aspect　to　the　legislators　of　the　Assembly。　　…　　In　their

eyes　the　decisive　moment　has　come。　　Henceforth　two　histories　are　to

exist；＇1＇　one；　that　of　the　past；　the　other；　that　of　the　future；

formerly　a　history　of　Man　still　deprived　of　his　reason；　and　at　present

the　history　of　the　rational　human　being。　　The　rule　of　right　is　at　last

to　begin。　　Of　all　that　the　past　generations　have　founded　and

transmitted　nothing　is　legitimate。　　Overlaying　the　natural　Man　they

created　an　artificial　Man；　either　ecclesiastic　or　laic；　noble　or

commoner；　sovereign　or　subject；　proprietor　or　proletary；　ignorant　or

cultivated；　peasant　or　citizen；　slave　or　master；　all　being　phony

qualities　which　we　are　not　to　heed；　as　their　origin　is　tainted　with

violence　and　robbery。　　Strip　off　these　superfluous　garments；　let　us

take　Man　in　himself；　the　same　under　all　conditions；　in　all　situations；

in　all　countries；　in　all　ages；　and　strive　to　ascertain　what　sort　of

association　is　the　best　adapted　to　him。　　The　problem　thus　stated；　the

rest　follows。　　…　In　accordance　with　the　customs　of　the　classic

mentality；　and　with　the　precepts　of　the　prevailing　ideology；　a

political　system　is　now　constructed　after　a　mathematical　model。＇2＇　A

simple　statement　is　selected；　and　set　apart；　very　general；　familiar；

readily　apparent；　and　easily　understood　by　the　most　ignorant　and

inattentive　schoolboy。　　Reject　every　difference；　which　separates　one

man　from　other　men；　retain　of　him　only　the　portion　common　to　him　and

to　others。　　The　remainder　constitutes　Man　in　general；　or　in　other

words；



　〃a　sensitive　and　rational　being　who；　thus　endowed；　avoids　pain　and

seeks　pleasure；〃　and　therefore　aspiring　to　happiness；　namely；　a　stable

condition　in　which　one　enjoys　greater　pleasure　than　pain；〃＇3＇　or；

again；　〃a　sensitive　being　capable　of　forming　rational　opinions　and　of

acquiring　moral　ideas。〃＇4＇



Anyone　（they　say）may　by　himself　experience　this　elementary　idea；

and　can　verify　it　at　the　first　glance。　　Such　is　the　social　unit；　let

several　of　these　be　combined；　a　thousand；　a　hundred　thousand；　a

million；　twenty…six　millions；　and　you　have　the　French　people。　　Men　born

at　twenty…one　years　of　age；　without　relations；　without　a　past；　without

traditions；　without　a　country；　are　supposed　to　be　assembled　for　the

first　time　and；　for　the　first　time；　to　treat　with　each　other。　　In　this

position；　at　the　moment　of　contracting　together；　all　are　equal：　for；

as　the　definition　states；　the　extrinsic　and　spurious　qualities　through

which　alone　all　differ　have　been　rejected。　　All　are　free；　for；

according　to　the　definition；　the　unjust　thralldom　imposed　on　all　by

brute　force　and　by　hereditary　prejudice　has　been　suppressed。　　…　　But　if

all　men　are　equal；　no　reason　exists　why；　in　this　contract；　any　special

advantage　should　be　conceded　to　one　more　than　to　another。　　Accordingly

all　shall　be　equal　before　the　law；　no　person；　or　family；　or　class；

shall　be　allowed　any　privilege；　no　one　shall　claim　a　right　of　which

another　might　be　deprived；　no　one　shall　be　subject　to　any　duty　from

another　is　exempt。　　…　On　the　other　hand；　all　being　free；　each　enters

with　a　free　will　along　with　the　group　of　wills　constitute　the　new

community；　it　is　necessary　that　in　the　common　resolutions　he　should

fully　concur。　　Only　on　these　conditions　does　he　bind　himself；　he　is

bound　to　respect　laws　only　because　he　has　assisted　in　making　them；　and

to　obey　magistrates　only　because　he　has　aided　in　electing　them。

Underneath　all　legitimate　authority　his　consent　or　his　vote　must　be

apparent；　while；