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local matters。  His revenue is four hundred and seventy…seven

millions。'19'   He disburses one…half of that of the Clergy。  In short;

he is absolute master; and he so declares himself。'20'  …Possessions;

freedom from taxation; the satisfactions of vanity; a few remnants of

local jurisdiction and authority; are consequently all that is left to

his ancient rivals; in exchange for these they enjoy his favors and

marks of preference。…Such; in brief; is the history of the privileged

classes; the Clergy; the Nobles; and the King。  It must be kept in mind

to comprehend their situation at the moment of their fall; having

created France; they enjoy it。  Let us see clearly what becomes of them

at the end of the eighteenth century; what portion of their advantages

they preserved; what services they still render; and what services

they do not render。







Notes :



'1'。  〃Les Moines d'Occident;〃 by Montalembert; I。  277。  St。  Lupicin

before the Burgundian King Chilperic; II。  416。  Saint Karileff before

King Childebert。  Cf。  passim; Gregory of Tours and the Bollandist

collection。



'2'。  No legend is more frequently encountered; we find it as late

as the twelfth century。



'3'。  Chilperic; for example; acting under the advice of Fredegonde

after the death of all their children。



'4'。  Montalembert; ibid。; II。  book 8; and especially 〃Les Forêts de

la France dans l'antiquité et au Moyen Age;〃 by Alfred Maury。  Spinoe

et vepres is a phrase constantly recurring in the lives of the saints。



'5'。  We find the same thing to day with the colonies of Trappists

in Algiers。



'6'。  〃Polyptique d'Irminon;〃 by Guérard。  In this work we see the

prosperity of the domain belonging to the Abbey of St。  Germain des

Près at the end of the eighth century。  According to M。 Guérard's

statistics; the peasantry of Paliseau were about as prosperous in the

time of Charlemagne as at the present day。



'7'。  Taine's definition would also fit contemporary (1999) drugs

and video entertainment which also provide mankind with both hope;

pleasure and entertainment。  (SR。)



'8'。  There are twenty…five thousand lives of the saints; between

the sixth and the tenth centuries; collected by the Bollandists。  … The

last that are truly inspired are those of St。  Francis of Assisi and

his companions at the beginning of the fourteenth century。  The same

vivid sentiment extends down to the end of the fifteenth century in

the works of Fra Angelico and Hans Memling。  … The Sainte Chapelle in

Paris; the upper church at Assisi; Dante's Paradise; and the Fioretti;

furnish an idea of these visions。  As regards modern literature; the

state of a believer's soul in the middle ages is perfectly described

in the 〃Pélerinage à Kevlaar;〃 by Henri Heine; and in 〃Les Reliques

vivantes;〃 by Tourgueneff。



'9'。  As; for example; Tertulle; founder of the Platagenet family;

Rollo; Duke of Normandy; Hugues; Abbot of St。  Martin of Tours and of

St。  Denis。



'10'。  See the 〃Cantilenes〃 of the tenth century in which the

〃Chansons de Geste〃 are foreshadowed。



'11'。  Laws governing the feudal system (1372) where the feudal lord

is unable to transmit his property by testament but has to leave them

to the next holder of the title。  The 〃mainmortables〃 were serfs who

belonged to the property。  (SR。)



'12'。  See in the 〃Voyages du Caillaud;〃 in Nubia and Abyssinia; the

raids for slaves made by the Pacha's armies; Europe presented about

the same spectacle between the years 800 and 900。



'13'。  See the zeal of subjects for their lords in the historians of

the middle ages; Gaston Phoebus; Comte de Foix; and Guy; Comte de

Flandres in Froissart; Raymond de Béziers and Raymond de Toulouse; in

the chronicle of Toulouse。  This profound sentiment of small local

patrimonics is apparent at each provincial assembly in Normandy;

Brittany; Franche…Comté; etc。



'14'。  Suger; Life of Louis VI。



'15'。  〃Les Grand Jours d'Auvergne;〃 by Fléchier; ed。  Chéruel。  The

last feudal brigand; the Baron of Plumartin; in Poitou; was taken;

tried; and beheaded under Louis XV in 1756。



'16'。  As late as Louis XV a procès verbal is made of a number of

cures of the King's evil。



'17'。  〃Mémoires of Madame Campan;〃 I。  89; II。  215。



'18'。  In 1785 an Englishman visiting France boasts of the political

liberty enjoyed in his country。  As an offset to this the French

reproach the English for having decapitated Charles I。; and 〃glory in

having always maintained an inviolable attachment to their own king; a

fidelity; a respect which no excess or severity on his part has ever

shaken。〃 (〃A Comparative View of the French and of the English

Nation;〃 by John Andrews; p。257。)



'19'。  Memoirs of D'Augeard; private secretary of the Queen; and a

former farmer…general。



'20'。  The following is the reply of Louis XV。  to the Parliament of

Paris; March 3; 1766; in a lit de justice : 〃The sovereign authority

is vested in my person。  。  。  The legislative power; without dependence

and without division; exists in myself alone。  Public security emanates

wholly from myself; I am its supreme custodian。  My people are one only

with me; national rights and interests; of which an attempt is made to

form a body separate from those of the monarch; are necessarily

combined with my own; and rests only in my hands。〃











CHAPTER II。  THE PRIVILEGED CLASSES。



I。   Number of the Privileged Classes。



The privileged classes number about 270;000 persons; comprising of

the nobility; 140;000 and of the clergy 130;000。'1' This makes from

25;000 to 30;000 noble families; 23;000 monks in 2;500 monasteries;

and 37;000 nuns in 1;500 convents; and 60;000 curates and vicars in as

many churches and chapels。  Should the reader desire a more distinct

impression of them; he may imagine on each square league of

territory'2'; and to each thousand of inhabitants; one noble family in

its weathercock mansion。  In each village there is a curate and his

church; and; every six or seven leagues; a community of men or of

women。  We have here the ancient chieftains and founders of France;

thus entitled; they still enjoy many possessions and many rights。



II。  Their Possessions; Capital; and Revenue。



Let us always keep in mind what they were; in order to comprehend

what they are。  Great as their advantages may be; these are merely the

remains of still greater advantages。  This or that bishop or abbot;

this or that count or duke; whose successors make their bows at

Versailles; was formerly the equals of the Carlovingians and the first

Capets。  A Sire de Montlhéry held King Philippe I in check。'3' The

abbey of St。  Germain des Prés possessed 430;000 hectares of land

(about 900;000 acres); almost the extent of an entire department。  We

need not be surprised that they remained powerful; and; especially;

rich; no stability is greater than that of an。  associative body。  After

eight hundred years; in spite of so many strokes of the royal ax; and

the immense change in the culture of society; the old feudal root

lasts and still vegetates。  We remark it first in the distribution of

property。'4' A fifth of the soil belongs to the crown and the

communes; a fifth to the Third…Estate; a fifth to the rural

population; a fifth to the nobles and a fifth to the clergy。

Accordingly; if we deduct the public lands; the privileged classes own

one…half of the kingdom。  This large portion; moreover; is at the same

time the richest; for it comprises almost all the large and imposing

buildings; the palaces; castles; convents; and cathedrals; and almost

all the valuable movable property; such as furniture; plate; objects

of art; the accumulated masterpieces of centuries。 We can judge of

it by an estimate of the portion belonging to the clergy。  Its

possessions; capitalized; amount to nearly 4;000;000;000 francs。'5'

Income from this amounts to 80 or 100 mill

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