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'8'。  Mme。  de Genlis; 〃Mémoires;〃 chap。  XVII。  … George Sand; I。  72。

The young Mme。  de Francueil; on seeing Rousseaufor the first time;

burst into tears。



'9'。  This point has been brought out with as much skill as accuracy

by Messieurs de Goncourt in 〃L'Art au dix…huitième siècle;〃 I。  433…

438。



'10'。  The number for August; 1792; contains 〃Les Rivaux d'eux…

mêmes。〃 … About the same time other pieces are inserted in the

〃Mercure;〃 such as 〃The federal union of Hymen and Cupid;〃 〃Les

Jaloux;〃 〃A Pastoral Romance;〃 〃Ode Anacréontique à Mlle。  S。  D。  。  。  。

〃 etc。



'11'。  Mme。  de Genlis; 〃Adéle et Théodore;〃 I。  312。  … De Goncourt;

〃La Femme an dixhuitième siècle;〃 318。  … Mme。  d'Oberkirk; I。  56。  …

Description of the puff au sentiment of the Duchesse de Chartres (de

Goncourt; 311): 〃In the background is a woman seated in a chair and

holding an infant; which represents the Duc de Valois and his nurse。

On the right is a parrot pecking at a cherry; and on the left a little

Negro; the duchess's two pets: the whole is intermingled with locks of

hair of all the relations of Mme。  de Chartres; the hair of her

husband; father and father…in…law。〃



'12'。  Mme。  de Genlis; 〃Les Dangers du Monde。〃 I; scène VII; II;

scène IV; … 〃Adèle et Théodore;〃 I。  312; … 〃Souvenirs de Félicie;〃

199; … Bachaumont; IV; 320。



'13'。  Mme。  de la Rochejacquelein; 〃Mémoires。〃



'14'。  Mme。  de Genlis; 〃Mémoires;〃 chap。  XX。  … De Lauzun; 270。



'15'。  Mme。  d'Oberkirk; II。  35 (1783…1784)。  Mme。  Campan; III。  371。  …

Mercier; 〃Tableau de Paris;〃 passim。



'16'。  〃Correspondance〃 by Métra; XVII。  55; (1784)。 Mme。

d'Oberkirk; II。  234。  … 〃Marie Antoinette;〃 by d'Arneth and Geffroy;

II。  63; 29。



'17'。  〃Le Gouvernement de Normandie;〃 by Hippeau; IV。  387 (Letters

of June 4; 1789; by an eye…witness)。



'18'。  Florian; 〃Ruth〃。



'19'。  Hippeau; IV。  86 (June 23; 1773); on the representation of 〃Le

Siege de Calais;〃 at the Comédie Fran?aise; at the moment when Mlle。

Vestris has pronounced these words:



  Le Fran?ais dans son prince aime à trouver un frère

  Qui; né fils de l'Etat; en devienne le père。



〃Long and universal plaudits greeted the actress who had turned in

the direction of the Dauphin。〃 In another place these verses recur:



  Quelle le?on pour vous; superbes potentats!

  Veillez sur vos sujets dans le rang le plus bas;

  Tel; loin de vos regards; dans la misère expire;

  Qui quelque jour peut…être; e?t sauvé votre empire。



〃The Dauphin and the Dauphine in turn applauded the speech。  This

demonstration of their sensibility was welcomed with new expressions

of affection and gratitude。〃



'20'。  Madame de Genlis; 〃Souvenirs de Félicie;〃 76; 161。



'21'。  M。 de Montlosier; in the Constituent Assembly; is about the

only person familiar with feudal laws。



'22'。  〃A competent and impartial man who would estimate the

chances of the success of the Révolution would find that there are

more against it than against the five winning numbers in a lottery;

but this is possible; and unfortunately; this time; they all came out〃

(Duc de Lévis; 〃Souvenirs;〃 328。)



'23'。  〃Corinne;〃 by Madame de Sta?l; the character of the Comte

d'Erfeuil。  … Malonet; 〃Mémoires;〃 II。  297 (a memorable instance of

political stupidity)。



'24'。  Mme。  Campan; II。  140; 313。  … Duc de Choiseul; 〃Mémoires。〃



'25'。  Journal of Dumont d'Urville; commander of the vessel which

transported Charles X。  into exile in 1830。  … See note 4 at the end of

the volume。



'26'。  Dumouriez; 〃Mémoires;〃 III。  chap。  III。  (July 21; 1789)。



'27'。  1 〃All these fine ladies and gentlemen who knew so well how

to bow and courtesy and walk over a carpet; could not take three steps

on God's earth without getting dreadfully fatigued。  They could not

even open or shut a door; they had not even strength enough to lift a

log to put it on the fire; they had to call a servant to draw up a

chair for them; they could not come in or go out by themselves。  what

could they have done with their graces; without their valets to supply

the place of hands and feet?〃 (George Sand; V。  61。)



'28'。  When Madame de F… had expressed a clever thing she felt quite

proud of it。  M… remarked that on uttering something clever about an

emetic she was quite surprised that she was not purged。  Champfort;

107。



'29'。  The following is an example of what armed resistance can

accomplish for a man in his own house。  〃A gentleman of Marseilles;

proscribed and living in his country domicile; has provided himself

with gun; pistols and saber; and never goes out without this armament;

declaring that he will not be taken alive。  Nobody dared to execute the

order of arrest。  (Anne Plumptree; 〃A Residence of three years in

France;〃 (1802…1805); II。  115。







BOOK THIRD。  THE SPIRIT AND THE DOCTRINE。



CHAPTER I。  SCIENTIFIC ACQUISITION。



The composition of the revolutionary spirit。   Scientific

acquisition its first element。



On seeing a man with a somewhat feeble constitution; but healthy in

appearance and of steady habits; greedily swallow some new kind of

cordial and then suddenly fall to the ground; foam at the mouth; act

deliriously and writhe in convulsions; we at once surmise that this

agreeable beverage contained some dangerous substance; but a delicate

analysis is necessary to detect and decompose the poison。  The

philosophy of the eighteenth century contained poison; and of a kind

as potent as it was peculiar; for; not only is it a long historic

elaboration; the final and condensed essence of the tendency of the

thought of the century; but again its two principal ingredients have

this peculiarity; that; separate; they are salutary; and in

combination they form a venomous compound。



I。SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS。



The accumulation and progress of discoveries in science and in

nature。  … They serve as a starting…point for the new philosophers。



The first is scientific discovery; admirable on all sides; and

beneficent in its nature; it is made up of masses of facts slowly

accumulated and then summarily presented; or in rapid succession。  For

the first time in history the sciences expand and affirm each other to

the extent of providing; not; as formerly; under Galileo and

Descartes; constructive fragments; or provisional scaffolding; but a

definite and demonstrated system of the universe; that of Newton。'1'

Around this capital fact; almost all the discoveries of the century;

either as complementary or as prolongations; range themselves。  In pure

mathematics we have the Infinitesimal Calculus discovered

simultaneously by Leibnitz and Newton; mechanics reduced by d'Alembert

to a single theorem; and that superb collection of theories which;

elaborated by the Bernouillis; Euler; Clairaut; d'Alembert; Taylor and

Maclaurin; is finally completed at the end of the century by Monge;

Lagrange; and Laplace。'2' In astronomy; the series of calculations and

observations which; from Newton to Laplace; transforms science into a

problem of mechanics; explains and predicts the movements of the

planets and of their satellites; indicating the origin and formation

of our solar system; and; extending beyond this; through the

discoveries of Herschel; affording an insight into the distribution of

the stellar archipelagos; and of the grand outlines of celestial

architecture。  In physics; the decomposition of light and the

principles of optics discovered by Newton; the velocity of sound; the

form of its undulations; and from Sauveur to Chladni; from Newton to

Bernouilli and Lagrange; the experimental laws and leading theorems of

Acoustics; the primary laws of the radiation of heat by Newton; Kraft

and Lambert; the theory of latent heat by Black; the proportions of

caloric by Lavoisier and Laplace; the first true conceptions of the

source of fire and heat; the experiments;

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