the origins of contemporary france-1-第33章

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guardsmen；　Swiss　guardsmen；　Cent　Suisses；　light…horse　guards；

gendarmes　of　the　guard；　gate…guardsmen；　in　all；　9；050　men；＇11＇　costing

annually　7；681；000　livres。　　Four　companies　of　the　French　guard；　and　two

of　the　Swiss　guard；　parade　every　day　in　the　court　of　the　ministers

between　the　two　railings；　and　when　the　king　issues　in　his　carriage　to

go　to　Paris　or　Fontainebleau　the　spectacle　is　magnificent。　　Four

trumpeters　in　front　and　four　behind；　the　Swiss　guards　on　one　side　and

the　French　guards　on　the　other；　form　a　line　as　far　as　it　can

reach。＇12＇　The　Cent　Suisses　march　ahead　of　the　horsemen　in　the　costume

of　the　sixteenth　century；　wearing　the　halberd；　ruff；　plumed　hat；　and

the　ample　parti…colored　striped　doublet；　alongside　of　these　are　the

provost…guard　with　scarlet　facings　and　gold　frogs；　and　companies　of

yeomanry　bristling　with　gold　and　silver。　　The　officers　of　the　various

corps；　the　trumpeters　and　the　musicians；　covered　with　gold　and　silver

lace；　are　dazzling　to　look　at；　the　kettledrum　suspended　at　the　saddle…

bow；　overcharged　with　painted　and　gilded　ornaments；　is　a　curiosity　for

a　glass　case；　the　Negro　cymbal…player　of　the　French　guards　resembles

the　sultan　of　a　fairy…tale。　　Behind　the　carriage　and　alongside　of　it

trot　the　body…guards；　with　sword　and　carbine；　wearing　red　breeches；

high　black　boots；　and　a　blue　coat　sewn　with　white　embroidery；　all　of

them　unquestionable　gentlemen；　there　were　twelve　hundred　of　these

selected　among　the　nobles　and　according　to　size；　among　them　are　the

guards　de　la　manche；　still　more　intimate；　who　at　church　and　on

ceremonial　occasions；　in　white　doublets　starred　with　silver　and　gold

spangles；　holding　their　damascene　partisans　in　their　hands；　always

remain　standing　and　turned　towards　the　king　〃so　as　to　see　his　person

from　all　sides。〃　Thus　is　his　protection　ensured。　　Being　a　gentleman　the

king　is　a　cavalier；　and　he　must　have　a　suitable　stable；＇13＇　1；857

horses；　217　vehicles；　1；458　men　whom　he　clothes；　the　liveries　costing

540；000　francs　a　year；　besides　these　there　were　20　tutors　and　sub…

tutors；　almoners；　professors；　cooks；　and　valets　to　govern；　educate　and

serve　the　pages；　and　again　about　thirty　physicians；　apothecaries；

nurses　for　the　sick；　intendants；　treasurers；　workmen；　and　licensed　and

paid　merchants　for　the　accessories　of　the　service；　in　all　more　than

1；500　men。　　Horses　to　the　amount　of　250；000　francs　are　purchased

yearly；　and　there　are　stock…stables　in　Limousin　and　in　Normandy　to

draw　on　for　supplies。　　287　horses　are　exercised　daily　in　the　two

riding…halls；　there　are　443　saddle…horses　in　the　small　stable；　437　in

the　large　one；　and　these　are　not　sufficient　for　the　〃vivacity　of　the

service。〃　The　whole　cost　4；600；000　livres　in　1775；　which　sum　reaches

6；200；000　livres　in　1787。＇14＇　Still　another　spectacle　should　be　seen

with　one's　own　eyes；　　…　　the　pages；＇15＇　the　grooms；　the　laced　pupils；

the　silver…button　pupils；　the　boys　of　the　little　livery　in　silk；　the

instrumentalists　and　the　mounted　messengers　of　the　stable。　　The　use　of

the　horse　is　a　feudal　art；　no　luxury　is　more　natural　to　a　man　of

quality。　　Think　of　the　stables　at　Chantilly；　which　are　palaces。　　To

convey　an　idea　of　a　well…educated　and　genteel　man　he　was　then　called

an　accomplished　cavalier；〃　in　fact　his　importance　was　fully　manifest

only　when　he　was　in　the　saddle；　on　a　blood…horse　like　himself。　　…

Another　genteel　taste；　an　effect　of　the　preceding；　is　the　chase。　　It

costs　the　king　from　1；100；000　to　1；200；000　livres　a　year；　and　requires

280　horses　besides　those　of　the　two　stables。　　A　more　varied　or　more

complete　equipment　could　not　be　imagined：　a　pack　of　hounds　for　the

boar；　another　for　the　wolf　another　for　the　roe…buck；　a　cast　（of　hawks）

for　the　crow；　a　cast　for　the　magpie；　a　cast　for　merlins；　a　cast　for

hares；　a　cast　for　the　fields。　　In　1783；　179；194　livres　are　expended　for

feeding　horses；　and　53；412　livres　for　feeding　dogs。＇16＇　The　entire

territory；　ten　leagues　around　Paris；　is　a　game…preserve；　〃not　a　gun

could　be　fired　there；＇17＇　accordingly　the　plains　are　seen　covered　with

partridges　accustomed　to　man；　quietly　picking　up　the　grain　and　never

stirring　as　he　passes。〃　Add　to　this　the　princes'　captaincies；

extending　as　far　as　Villers…Cotterets　and　Orleans；　these　form　an

almost　continuous　circle　around　Paris；　thirty　leagues　in

circumference；　where　game；　protected；　replaced　and　multiplied；　swarms

for　the　pleasure　of　the　king。　　The　park　of　Versailles　alone　forms　an

enclosure　of　more　than　ten　leagues。　　The　forest　of　Rambouillet　embraces

25；000　arpents　（30；000　acres）。　　Herds　of　seventy…five　and　eighty　stags

are　encountered　around　Fontainebleau。　　No　true　hunter　could　read　the

minute…book　of　the　chase　without　feeling　an　impulse　of　envy。　　The　wolf…

hounds　run　twice　a　week；　and　they　take　forty　wolves　a　year。　　Between

1743　and　1744　Louis　XV　runs　down　6；400　stags。　　Louis　XVI　writes；　August

30th；　1781：　〃Killed　460　head　to　day。〃　In　1780　he　brings　down　20；534

head；　in　1781；　20；291；　in　fourteen　years；　189；251　head；　besides　1；254

stags；　while　boars　and　bucks　are　proportionate；　and　it　must　be　noted

that　this　is　all　done　by　his　own　hand；　since　his　parks　approach　his

houses。　　…　　Such；　in　fine；　is　the　character　of　a　〃　well…appointed

household；〃　that　is　to　say；　provided　with　its　dependencies　and

services。　　Everything　is　within　reach；　it　is　a　complete　world　in　itself

and　self…sufficient。　　One　exalted　being　attaches　to　and　gathers　around

it；　with　universal　foresight　and　minuteness　of　detail；　every

appurtenance　it　employs　or　can　possibly　employ。　　…　　Thus；　each　prince；

each　princess　has　a　professional　surgery　and　a　chapel；＇18＇　it　would

not　answer　for　the　almoner　who　says　mass　or　the　doctor　who　looks　after

their　health　to　be　obtained　outside。　　So　much　stronger　is　the　reason

that　the　king　should　have　ministrants　of　this　stamp；　his　chapel

embraces　seventy…five　almoners；　chaplains；　confessors；　masters　of　the

oratory；　clerks；　announcers；　carpet…bearers；　choristers；　copyists；　and

composers　of　sacred　music；　his　faculty　is　composed　of　forty…eight

physicians；　surgeons；　apothecaries；　oculists；　operators；　bone…setters；

distillers；　chiropodists　and　spagyrists　（a　species　of　alchemists）。　　We

must　still　note　his　department　of　profane　music；　consisting　of　one

hundred　and　twenty…eight　vocalists；　dancers；　instrumentalists；

directors　and　superintendents；　his　library　corps　of　forty…three

keepers；　readers；　interpreters；　engravers；　medallists；　geographers；

binders　and　printers；　the　staff　of　ceremonial　display；　sixty…two

heralds；　sword…bearers；　ushers　and　musicians；　the　staff　of

housekeepers；　consisting　of　sixty…eight　marshals；　guides　and

commissaries。　　I　omit　other　services　in　haste　to　reach　the　most

important；…　that　of　the　table；　a　fine　house　and　good　housekeeping

being　known　by　the　table。



There　are　three　sections　of　the　table　service；＇19＇　the　first　for

the　king　and　his　younger　children；　the　second；　called　the　little

ordinary；　for　the　table　of　the　grand…master；　the　grand…chamberlain　and

the　princes　and　princesses　living　with　the　king；　the　third；　called　the

great　ordinary；　for　the　grand…master's　second　table；　that　of　the

butlers　of　the　king's　household；　the　almoners；　the　gentlemen　in

waiting；　and　that　of　the　valets…de…chambre；　in　all　three　hundred　and

eighty…three　officers　of　the　table　and　one　hundred　and　three　waiters；

at　an　expense　of　2；177；771　livres；　besides　this　there　are　389；173

livres　appropriated　to　the　table　of　Madame　Elisabeth；　and　1；093；547

livres　for　that　of　Mesdames；　the　total　being　3；660；491　livres　for　the

table。　　The　wine…merchant　furnished　wine　to　the　amount　of　300；000

francs　per　annum；　and　the　purveyor　game；　meat　and　fish　at　a　cost　of

1；000；000　livres。　　Only　to　fetch　water　from　Ville…d'Avray；　and　to

convey　servants；　waiters　and　provisions；　required　fifty　horses　hired

at　the　rate　of　70；591　francs　per　annum。　　The　privilege　of　the　royal

princes　and　princesses　〃to　send　to　the　bureau　for　fish　on　fast　days

when　not　residing　regularly　a