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to the king; (Laboulaye; 〃De l'administration fran?aise sous Louis

XVI; Revue des cours littéraires; IV。  423; 759; 814。)



'35'。  Financiers have been known to tell citizens: 〃The ferme (

revenue…agency) ought to be able to grant you favors; you ought to be

forced to come and ask for them。  …  He who pays never knows what he

owes。  The fermier is sovereign legislator in matters relating to his

personal interest。  Every petition; in which the interests of a

province; or those of the whole nation are concerned; is regarded as

penal foolhardiness if it is signed by a person in his private

capacity; and as illicit association if it be signed by several。〃

Malesherbes; ibid。。



'36'。  Mme。  Campan; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。  p。  13。  …  Mme。  du Hausset;

〃Mémoires;〃 p。  114。



'37'。  〃Gustave III。  et la cour de France;〃 by Geffroy。  II。  474。

(〃Archives de Dresde;〃 French Correspondence; November 20; 1788。)



'38'。  Augeard; 〃Mémoires;〃 p。  135。



'39'。  Mme。  de Pompadour; writing to Marshal d'Estrées; in the army;

about the campaign operations; and tracing for him a sort of plan; had

marked on the paper with mouches (face…patches); the different places

which she advised him to attack or defend。〃 Mme。  de Genlis; 〃Souvenirs

de Félicie;〃 p。  329。  Narrative by Mme。  de Puisieux; the mother…in…law

of Marshal d'Estrées。



'40'。  According to the manuscript register of Mme。  de Pompadour's

expenses; in the archives of the préfecture of Versailles; she had

expended 36;327;268 livres。  (Granier de Cassagnac; I。  91。)



'41'。  D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 VI。  398 (April 24; 1751)。  … 〃M。 du

Barry declared openly that he had consumed 18;000;000 belonging to the

State。〃 (Correspondence by Métra; I。  27)。



'42'。  〃Marie Antoinette;〃 by d'Arneth and Geffroy; vol。  II。  p。  168

(June 5; 1774)。



'43'。  〃Marie Antoinette;〃 ibid。。  vol。  II。  p。  377; vol。  III。  p。  391。



'44'。  Archives nationales; H; 1456; Memoir for M。 Bouret de

Vezelay; syndic for the creditors。



'45'。  Marquis de Mirabeau; 〃Traité de la population;〃 p。  81。



'46' Today; our so…called popular democracies have become completely 
irresponsible since the elected; who have full access to the coffers
 of the nation; present and future; and who; through alternation and 
short duration of tenure; are encouraged to become irresponsible; 
will use large amounts to be favorably exposed in the media and to 
avoid any kind of mudslinging。  They seem to govern their countries 
according to the devise: 〃After me the deluge。〃 (SR。)



'47'。  Lord; in Old Saxon; signifies 〃he who provides food;〃

seignior; in the Latin of the middle ages; signifies 〃the ancient;〃

the  head or chief of the flock。



'48'。  Around 1780。  (SR。)









BOOK SECOND。  MORALS AND CHARACTERS。



CHAPTER I。  MORAL PRINCIPLES UNDER THE ANCIENT REGIME。



The Court and a life of pomp and parade。



A military staff on furlough for a century and more; around a

commander…in…chief who gives fashionable entertainment; is the

principle and summary of the habits of society under the ancient

régime。  Hence; if we seek to comprehend them we must first study them

at their center and their source; that is to say; in the court itself。

Like the whole ancient régime the court is the empty form; the

surviving adornment of a military institution; the causes of which

have disappeared while the effects remain; custom surviving utility。

Formerly; in the early times of feudalism; in the companionship and

simplicity of the camp and the castle; the nobles served the king with

their own hands。  One providing for his house; another bringing a dish

to his table; another disrobing him at night; and another looking

after his falcons and horses。  Still later; under Richelieu and during

the Fronde;'1' amid the sudden attacks and the rude exigencies of

constant danger they constitute the garrison of his lodgings; forming

an armed escort for him; and a retinue of ever…ready swordsmen。  Now as

formerly they are equally assiduous around his person; wearing their

swords; awaiting a word; and eager to his bidding; while those of

highest rank seemingly perform domestic service in his household。

Pompous parade; however; has been substituted for efficient service;

they are elegant adornments only and no longer useful tools; they act

along with the king who is himself an actor; their persons serving as

royal decoration。



I。  Versailles。



The Physical aspect and the moral character of Versailles。



It must be admitted that the decoration is successful; and; that

since the fêtes of the Italian Renaissance; more magnificent displays

have not been seen。  Let us follow the file of carriages which; from

Paris to Versailles; rolls steadily along like a river。  Certain horses

called 〃des enragés;〃 fed in a particular way; go and come in three

hours。'2' One feels; at the first glance; as if he were in a city of a

particular stamp; suddenly erected and at one stroke; like a prize…

medal for a special purpose; of which only one is made; its form being

a thing apart; as well as its origin and use。  In vain is it one of the

largest cities of the kingdom; with its population of 80;000 souls;'3'

it is filled; peopled; and occupied by the life of a single man; it is

simply a royal residence; arranged entirely to provide for the wants;

the pleasures; the service; the guardianship; the society; the display

of a king。  Here and there; in corners and around it; are inns; stalls;

taverns; hovels for laborers and for drudges; for dilapidated soldiers

and accessory menials。  These tenements necessarily exist; since

technicians are essential to the most magnificent apotheosis。  The

rest; however; consists of sumptuous hotels and edifices; sculptured

fa?ades; cornices and balustrades; monumental stairways; seigniorial

architecture; regularly spaced and disposed; as in a procession;

around the vast and grandiose palace where all this terminates。  Here

are the fixed abodes of the noblest families; to the right of the

palace are the h?tels de Bourbon; d'Ecquervilly; de la Trémoille; de

Condé; de Maurepas; de Bouillon; d'Eu; de Noailles; de Penthièvre; de

Livry; du Comte de la Marche; de Broglie; du Prince de Tingry;

d'Orléans; de Chatillon; de Villerry; d'Harcourt; de Monaco; on the

left are the pavilions d'Orléans; d'Harcourt; the h?tels de Chevreuse;

de Babelle; de l'H?pital; d'Antin; de Dangeau; de Pontchartrain  …  no

end to their enumeration。  Add to these those of Paris; all those

which; ten leagues around。  At Sceaux; at Génevilliers; at Brunoy; at

Ile…Adam; at Rancy; at Saint…Ouen; at Colombes; at Saint…Germain; at

Marly; at Bellevue; in countless places; they form a crown of

architectural flowers; from which daily issue as many gilded wasps to

shine and buzz about Versailles; the center of all luster and

affluence。  About a hundred of these are 〃presented each year; men and

women; which makes about 2 or 3;000 in all;'4' this forms the king's

society; the ladies who courtesy before him; and the seigniors who

accompany him in his carriage; their hotels are near by; or within

reach; ready to fill his drawing room or his antechamber at all hours。



A drawing room like this calls for proportionate dependencies; the

hotels and buildings at Versailles devoted to the private service of

the king and his attendants count by hundreds。  No human existence

since that of the Caesars has so spread itself out in the sunshine。  In

the Rue des Reservoirs we have the old hotel and the new one of the

governor of Versailles; the hotel of the tutor to the children of the

Comte d'Artois; the ward…robe of the crown; the building for the

dressing…rooms and green…rooms of the actors who perform at the

palace; with the stables belonging to Monsieur。  …  In the Rue des

Bon…Enfants are the hotel of the keeper of the wardrobe; the lodgings

for the fountain…men; the hotel of the officers of the Comtesse 

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