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is that His Eminence; being above all human weakness; should

condescend to make use of it。〃 This anecdote is valuable; as it serves

to illustrate the rank and position of a grand…seignior prelate in the

provinces。



'37'。  Arthur Young; V。II。  P。230 and the following pages。



'38'。  Abolition of the tithe; the feudal rights; the permission to

kill the game; etc。



'39'。  De Loménie; 〃Les Mirabeau;〃 p。134。  A letter of the bailiff;

September 25; 1760: 〃I am at Harcourt; where I admire the master's

honest; benevolent greatness。  You cannot imagine my pleasure on fête

days at seeing the people everywhere around the chateau; and the good

little peasant boys and girls looking right in the face of their good

landlord and almost pulling his watch off to examine the trinkets on

the chain; and all with a fraternal air; without familiarity。  The good

duke does not make his vassals to go to court; he listens to them and

decides for them; humoring them with admirable patience。〃 Lacretelle;

〃Dix ans d'épreuve;〃 p。  58。



'40'。  〃De l'état religieux;〃 by the abbés de Bonnefoi et Bernard;

1784; I。  pp。  287; 291。



'41'。  See on this subject 〃La partie de chasse de Henri IV〃 by

Collé。  Cf。  Berquin; Florian; Marmontel; etc; and likewise the

engravings of that day。



'42'。  Boivin…Champeaux; 〃Notice historique sue la Révolution dans

le département de l'Eure;〃 p。  63; 61。



'43'。  Archives nationales; Reports of the States…General of 1789;

T; XXXIX。; p。  111。  Letter of the 6th March; 1789; from the curate of

St。  Pierre de Ponsigny; in Berry。  D'Argenson; 6th July; 1756。  〃The

late cardinal de Soubise had three millions in cash and he gave

nothing to the poor。〃



'44'。  De Tocqueville; ibid。。  405。  … Renauldon; ibid。。  628。



'45'。  The example is set by the king who sells to the farmer…

generals; for an annual sum; the management and product of the

principal indirect taxes。



'46'。  Voltaire; 〃Politique et Législation; La voix du Curé;〃 (in

relation to the serfs of St。  Claude)。  … A speech of the Duke

d'Aiguillon; August 4th; 1789; in the National Assembly: 〃The

proprietors of fiefs; of seigniorial estates; are rarely guilty of the

excesses of which their vassals complain; but their agents are often

pitiless。〃



'47'。  Beugnot。  〃Mémoires;〃 V。  I。  p。136。  … Duc de Lévis; 〃Souvenirs

et portraits;〃 p。  156。  … 〃Moniteur;〃 the session of November 22;

1872; M。 Bocher says: 〃According to the statement drawn up by order of

the Convention the Duke of Orleans's fortune consisted of 74;000;000

of indebtedness and 140;000;000 of assets。〃 On the 8th January; 1792;

he had assigned to his creditors 38;000;000 to obtain his discharge。



'48'。  King Louis the XVI's brother。  (SR。)



'49'。  In 1785; the Duke de Choiseul In his testament estimated his

property at fourteen millions and his debts at ten millions。  (Comte de

Tilly; 〃Mémoires;〃 II。  215。)



'50'。  Renauldon; ibid。。  45; 52; 628。  … Duvergier; 〃Collection des

Lois;〃 II。  391; law of August 31; … October 18; 1792。  … Statements

(cahier) of grievances of a magistrate of the Chatelet on seigniorial

courts (1789); p。  29。  …  Legrand; 〃 l'Intendance du Hainaut;〃 p。119。





'51'。  Archives Nationales; H; 654 (〃Mémoire〃 by René de Hauteville;

advocate to the Parliament; Saint…Brieuc; October 5; 1776。) In

Brittany the number of seigniorial courts is immense; the pleaders

being obliged to pass through four or five jurisdictions before

reaching the Parliament。  〃Where is justice rendered? In the cabaret;

in the tavern; where; amidst drunkards and riff…raff; the judge sells

justice to whoever pays the most for it。〃



'52'。  Beugnot; 〃Mémoires;〃 vol。  I。  p。  35。



'53'。  Boivin…Champeaux; ibid。。  48。  … Renauldon; 26; 416。  …

Manuscript reports of the States…general (Archives nationales); t。

CXXXII。  pp。  896 and 901。  …  Hippeau; 〃Le Gouvernement de Normandie;〃

VII。  61; 74。  … Paris; 〃La Jeunesse de Robespierre;〃 pp。314…324。  …

〃Essai sur les capitaineries royales et autres;〃 (1789) passim。  … De

Loménie; 〃Beaumarchais et son emps;〃 I。  125。  Beaumarchais having

purchased the office of lieutenant…general of the chase in the

bailiwicks of the Louvre warren (twelve to fifteen leagues in

circumference。  approx。  60 km。  SR。) tries delinquents under this title。

July 15th; 1766; he sentences Ragondet; a farmer to a fine of one

hundred livres together with the demolition of the walls around an

enclosure; also of his shed newly built without license; as tending to

restrict the pleasures of the king。



'54'。  Marquis D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 ed。  Rathery; January 27;

1757。  〃The sieur de Montmorin; captain of the game…preserves of

Fontainebleau; derives from his office enormous sums; and behaves

himself like a bandit。  The population of more than a hundred villages

around no longer sow their land; the fruits and grain being eaten by

deer; stags and other game。  They keep only a few vines; which they

preserve six months of the year by mounting guard day and night with

drums; making a general turmoil to frighten off the destructive

animals。〃  January 23; 1753。  … 〃 M。 le Prince de Conti has established

a captainry of eleven leagues around Ile…Adam and where everybody is

vexed at it。〃  September 23; 1753。  … M。 le Duc d'Orléans came to

Villers…Cotterets; he has revived the captainry; there are more than

sixty places for sale on account of these princely annoyances。



'55'。  The old peasants with whom I once have talked still had a

clear memory of these annoyances and damages。  … They recounted how; in

the country around Clermont; the gamekeepers of Prince de Condé in the

springtime took litters of wolves and raised them in the dry moats of

the chateau。  They were freed in the beginning of the winter; and the

wolf hunting team would then hunt them later。  But they ate the sheep;

and; here and there; a child。



'56'。  The estates of the king encompassed in forest one million

acres; not counting forests in the appanages set aside for his eldest

son or for factories or salt works。



'57'。  De Montlosier; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。  175。















CHAPTER IV。  PUBLIC SERVICES DUE BY THE PRIVILEGED CLASSES。



I。  England compared to France。



An English example。  … The Privileged class renders no service in

France。  … The influence and rights which remain to them。  … They use it

only for themselves。



USELESS in the canton; they might have been useful at the Center of

the State; and; without taking part in the local government; they

might have served in the general government。  Thus does a lord; a

baronet; a squire act in England; even when not a 〃justice〃 of his

county or a committee…man in his parish。  Elected a member of the Lower

House; a hereditary member of the upper house; he holds the strings of

the public purse and prevents the sovereign from spending too freely。

Such is the régime in countries where the feudal seigniors; instead of

allowing the sovereign to ally himself with the people against them;

allied themselves with the people against the sovereign。  To protect

their own interests better they secured protection for the interests

of others; and; after having served as the representatives of their

compeers they became the representatives of the nation。  Nothing of

this kind takes place in France。  The States…General are fallen into

desuetude; and the king may with truth declare himself the sole

representative of the country。  Like trees rendered  lifeless under the

shadow of a gigantic oak; other public powers perish through his

growth; whatever still remains of these encumbers the ground; and

forms around him a circle of clambering briers or of decaying trunks。

One of them; the Parliament; an offshoot simply of the great oak;

sometimes imagined itself in possession of a root of its own; but its

sap was too evidently derivative for it to stand by itself and provide

t

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