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for departmental assemblies only awakened suspicion in certain

quarters。〃



'18' 〃Tableau de Paris;〃 XII。  186。



'19' Mme。  Vigée…Lebrun; I。  158; (1788); I。  183 (1789)。



'20' Archives nationals; H。  723。  (Letter of M。 de Caumartin;

intendant at Besan?on; Dec。  5; 1788)。



'21' D'Argenson; March 13; 1752。



'22' 〃Corresp。;〃 of Métra; V; 179 (November 22; 1777)。



'23' Beugnot; I。  142。  〃No inhabitant of the barony of Choiseul

mingled with any of the bands composed of the patriots of Montigny;

smugglers and outcasts of the neighborhood。〃 … See; on the poachers of

the day; 〃Les deux amis de Bourbonne;〃 by Diderot。



'24' De Calonne; 〃Mémoires presentés à l'ass。  des notables;〃 No。  8。

…  Necker; 〃De l'Administration des Finances;〃 I。  195。



'25' Letrosne; 〃De l'Administration des Finances;〃 59。



'26' Archives nationales; H。  426。  (Mémoires of the farmers…general;

Jan。  13; 1781; Sept。  15; 1782)。  H; 614。  (Letter of M。 de Coetlosquet;

April 25; 1777)。  H; 1431。  Report by the farmers…general; March 9;

1787。



'27' Archives nationales; H; 1453。  Letter of the Baron de Bezenval;

June 19; 1789。



'28' 〃Mandrin;〃 by Paul Simian; passim。  …  〃Histoire de Beaume;〃

by Rossignol; p。  453。  … 〃Mandrin;〃 by Ch。  Jarrin (1875)。  Major Fisher;

who attacks and disperses the gang; writes that the affair is urgent

since; 〃higher to the North near Forez; one can find two or three

hundred vagrants who only wait for a chance to unite with them。〃

(p。47。)



'29' Mercier; XI。  116。



'30' See above; book I。  p。  55。



'31' Letrosne; ibid。  (1779); p。  539。



'32' Archives nationales; F16; 965; and H; 892。  (Ordinance of

August 4 1764; a circular of instructions of July 20; 1767; a letter

of a police lieutenant of Toulouse; September 21; 1787)。



'33' Archives nationales; H; 724; H; 554; F4 2397; F16 965。  …

Letters of the jailers of Carcassonne (June 22; 1789); of Béziers

(July 19; 1786); of Nimes (July 1; 1786); of the intendant; M。 d'Aine

(March 19; 1786)。



'34' Archives nationales; H; 554。  (Letter of M。 de Bertrand;

intendant of Rennes; August 7; 1785)。



'35' Archives nationales; H; 426。  (Remonstrances; Feb。  1783)。  … H;

554。  (Letter of M。 de Bertrand; Aug。  17; 1785)。



'36' Archives nationales; H; 614 (Mémoire by René de Hauteville;

parliamentary advocate; Saint…Brieuc; Dec。  25; 1776。)



'37' 〃Process…verbaux de l'ass。  Prov。  de Soissonnais〃 (1787) p。

457。



'38' Archives nationales; H; 616 (A letter of M。 De Boves;

intendant of Rennes; April 23; 1774)。



'39' Périn; 〃La Jeunesse de Robespierre;〃 301。  (Doléances des

parroisses rurales en 1789)。



'40' Hippeau; 〃Le Gouvern。  de Normandie;〃 VII。  147…177 (1789)。  …

Boivin…Champeaux; 〃Notice hist。  sur la Révolution dans le département

de l'Eure;〃 p。  83 (1789)。



'41' Théron de Montaugé; p。  87。  (Letter of the prior of the

convent; March; 1789)。



'42' 〃Procès…verbaux de l'Ass。  prov。  de Lyonnais;〃 p。57。  …

Archives nationales; F4; 2073。  Memorandum of Jan。  24; 1788。

〃Charitable assistance is very limited; the provincial authorities

providing no resources for such accidents。〃



'43' Levasseur; 〃La France industrielle;〃 119。  …  In 1862; the

population being almost triple (1 696 000) there are but 90 000

paupers。



'44' Albert Babeau; 〃Hist。  de Troyes;〃 I。  91。  (Letter of the mayor

Huez; July 30; 1788)。



'45' Floquet; VII; 506。



'46' Archives nationales; H; 1453。  (Letter of M。 de Sainte…Suzanne;

April 29; 1789)。



'47' Arthur Young; I。  256。



'48' 〃Correspond。  secrèt inédite;〃 from 1777 to 1792; published by

M。 de Lescure; II。  351 (May 8; 1789)。  Cf。  C。  Desmoulins; 〃La

Lanterne;〃 of 100 rioters arrested at Lyons 96 were branded。



'49' De Bezenval; II。  344; 350。  … Dussault; 〃La Prise de la

Bastille;〃 352。  … Marmontel; II; ch。  XIV; 249。  Mme。  Vigée…Lebrun; I。

177; 188。



'50' Mercier; I。  32; VI。  15; X。  179; XI。  59; XII。  83。  …  Arthur

Young; I。  122。



'51' In the original; pain de Gonesse;  …  bread; made in a village

of this name near Paris; and renowned for its whiteness。  …  TR。



'52' 〃Dialogues sur le commerce des blés;〃 by Galiani (1770)。  〃If

the strong of the markets are content; no misfortune will happen to

the administration。  The great conspire and rebel; the bourgeois

murmurs and lives a celibate; peasants and artisans despair and go

away; porters get up riots。〃













CHAPTER IV。  The Armed Forces。



I。



Military force declines。  …  How the army is recruited。  …  How the

soldier is treated。



  Against universal sedition where is force? … The measures and

dispositions which govern the 150;000 men who maintain order are the

same as those ruling the 26 millions people subject to it。  We find

here the same abuses; disaffection; and other causes for the

dissolution of the nation which; in their turn; will dissolve the

army。



Of the 90 millions of pay'1' which the army annually costs the

treasury; 46 millions are for officers and only 44 millions for

soldiers; and we are already aware that a new ordinance reserves ranks

of all kinds for verified nobles。  In no direction is this inequality;

against which public opinion rebels so vigorously; more apparent。  On

the one hand; authority; honors; money; leisure; good…living; social

enjoyments; and plays in private; for the minority。  On the other hand;

for the majority; subjection; dejection; fatigue; a forced or betrayed

enlistment; no hope of promotion; pay at six sous a day;'2' a narrow

cot for two; bread fit for dogs; and; for several years; kicks like

those bestowed on a dog。'3' On the one hand; a nobility of high

estate; and; on the other; the lowest of the populace。  One might say

that this was specially designed for contrast and to intensify

irritation。  〃The insignificant pay of the soldier;〃 says an economist;

〃the way in which he is dressed; lodged and fed; his utter dependence;

would render it cruelty to take any other than a man of the lower

class。〃'4' Indeed; he is sought for only in the lowest layers of

society。  Not only are nobles and the bourgeoisie exempt from

conscription; but again the employees of the administration; of the

fermes and of public works; 〃all gamekeepers and forest…rangers; the

hired domestics and valets of ecclesiastics; of communities; of

religious establishments; of the gentry and of nobles;〃'5' and even of

the bourgeoisie living in grand style; and still better; the sons of

cultivators in easy circumstances; and; in general; all possessing

influence or any species of protector。  There remains; accordingly; for

the militia none but the poorest class; and they do not willingly

enter it。  On the contrary; the service is hateful to them; they

conceal themselves in the forests where they have to be pursued by

armed men: in a certain canton which; three years later; furnishes in

one day from fifty to one hundred volunteers; the young men cut off

their thumbs to escape the draft。'6' To this scum of society is added

the sweepings of the depots and of the jails。  Among the vagabonds that

fill these; after winnowing out those able to make their families

known or to obtain sponsors; 〃there are none left;〃 says an intendant;

〃but those who are entirely unknown or dangerous; out of which those

regarded as the least vicious are selected and efforts are made to

place these in the army。〃'7'  …   The last of its affluents is the

half…forced; half…voluntary enlistment by which the ranks are for the

most part filled; the human waste of large towns; like adventurers;

discharged apprentices; young reprobates turned out of doors; and

people without homes or steady occupation。  The recruiting agent who is

paid so much a head for his recruits and so much an inch on their

stature above five feet; 〃holds his court in a tavern; treating

everyone〃 promoting his merchandise:



〃Come;

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