贝壳电子书 > 英文原著电子书 > the origins of contemporary france-1 >

第131章

the origins of contemporary france-1-第131章

小说: the origins of contemporary france-1 字数: 每页4000字

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页,按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页,按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
————未阅读完?加入书签已便下次继续阅读!




parish in which one…quarter or one…third of its inhabitants have

nothing to eat but that which they beg from door to door? At

Argentré;'38' in Brittany; 〃a town without trade or industry; out of

2;300 inhabitants; more than one…half are anything else but well…off;

and over 500 are reduced to beggary。〃 At Dainville; in Artois; 〃out of

130 houses sixty are on the poor…list。〃'39'  In Normandy; according to

statements made by the curates; 〃of 900 parishioners in Saint…Malo;

three…quarters can barely live and the rest are in poverty。〃 〃Of 1;500

inhabitants in Saint…Patrice; 400 live on alms。〃 Of 500 inhabitants in

Saint…Laurent three…quarters live on alms。〃 At Marboef; says a report;

〃of 500 persons inhabiting our parish; 100 are reduced to mendicity;

and besides these; thirty or forty a day come to us from neighboring

parishes。〃'40'  At Bolbone in Languedoc'41' daily at the convent gate

is 〃general almsgiving to 300 or 400 poor people; independent of that

for the aged and the sick; which is more numerously attended。〃 At

Lyons; in 1787; 〃30;000 workmen depend on public charity for

subsistence;〃 at Rennes; in 1788; after an inundation; 〃two…thirds of

the inhabitants are in a state of destitution;〃'42' at Paris; out of

650;000 inhabitants; the census of 1791 counts 118;784 as

indigent。'43' … Let frost or hail come; as in 1788; let a crop fail;

let bread cost four sous a pound; and let a workman in the charity…

workshops earn only twelve sous a day;'44'  can one imagine that

people will resign themselves to death by starvation? Around Rouen;

during the winter of 1788; the forests are pillaged in open day; the

woods at Baguères are wholly cut away; the fallen trees are publicly

sold by the marauders'45'。  Both the famished and the marauders go

together; necessity making itself the accomplice of crime。  From

province to province we can follow up their tracks: four months later;

in the vicinity of Etampes; fifteen brigands break into four

farmhouses during the night; while the farmers; threatened by

incendiaries; are obliged to give; one three hundred francs; another

five hundred; all the money; probably; they have in their coffers'46'。

〃Robbers; convicts; the worthless of every species;〃 are to form the

advance guard of insurrections and lead the peasantry to the extreme

of violence'47'。  After the sack of the Reveillon house in Paris it is

remarked that 〃of the forty ringleaders arrested; there was scarcely

one who was not an old offender; and either flogged or branded。〃'48'

In every revolution the dregs of society come to the surface。  Never

had these been visible before; like badgers in the woods; or rats in

the sewers; they had remained in their burrows or in their holes。  They

issue from these in swarms; and suddenly; in Paris; what figures!'49'

〃Never had any like them been seen in daylight。  。  。  Where do they come

from? Who has brought them out of their obscure hiding places? 。  。  。

strangers from everywhere; armed with clubs; ragged; 。  。  。  some almost

naked; others oddly dressed〃 in incongruous patches and 〃frightful to

look at;〃 constitute the riotous chiefs or their subordinates; at six

francs per head; behind which the people are to march。



〃At Paris;〃 says Mercier;'50' 〃the people are weak; pallid;

diminutive; stunted;〃 maltreated; 〃and; apparently; a class apart from

other classes in the country。  The rich and the great who possess

equipages; enjoy the privilege of crushing them or of mutilating them

in the streets。  。  。  There is no convenience for pedestrians; no side…

walks。  Hundred victims die annually under the carriage wheels。〃 〃I

saw;〃 says Arthur Young; 〃a poor child run over and probably killed;

and have been myself several times been covered from head to toe with

the water from the gutter。  Should young (English) noblemen drive along

London streets without sidewalks; in the same manner as their equals

in Paris; they would speedily and justly get very well thrashed and

rolled in the gutter。〃



Mercier grows uneasy in the face of the immense populace:



 〃In Paris there are; probably; 200;000 persons with no property

intrinsically worth fifty crowns; and yet the city subsists!〃



Order; consequently; is maintained only through fear and by force;

owing to the soldiery of the watch who are called tristes…à…patte by

the crowd。  〃This nick name enrages this species of militia; who then

deal heavier blows around them; wounding indiscriminately all they

encounter。  The low class is always ready to make war on them because

it has never been fairly treated by them。〃 In fact; 〃a squad of the

guard often scatters; with no trouble; crowds of five or six hundred

men; at first greatly excited; but melting away in the twinkling of an

eye; after the soldiery have distributed a few blows and handcuffed

two or three of the ringleaders。〃  …   Nevertheless; 〃were the people

of Paris abandoned to their true inclinations; did they not feel the

horse and foot guards behind them; the commissary and policeman; there

would be no limits to their disorder。  The populace; delivered from its

customary restraint; would give itself up to violence of so cruel a

stamp as not to know when to stop。  。  。  As long as white bread

lasts;'51' the commotion will not prove general; the flour market'52'

must interest itself in the matter; if the women are to remain

tranquil。  。  。  Should white bread be wanting for two market days in

succession; the uprising would be universal; and it is impossible to

foresee the lengths this multitude at bay will go to in order to

escape famine; they and their children。〃 …In 1789 white bread proves

to be wanting throughout France。



___________________________________________________________________



Notes:



'1' Théron de Montaugé; 102; 113。  In the Toulousain ten parishes

out of fifty have schools。  … In Gascony; says the ass。  prov。  of Auch

(p。  24); 〃most of the rural districts are without schoolmasters or

parsonages。〃 … In 1778; the post between Paris and Toulouse runs only

three times a week; that of Toulouse by way of Alby; Rodez; etc。;

twice a week; for Beaumont; Saint…Girons; etc。; once a week。  〃In the

country;〃 says Théron de Montaugé; 〃one may be said to live in

solitude and exile。〃 In 1789 the Paris post reaches Besan?on three

times a week。  (Arthur Young; I。  257)。



'2' One of the Marquis de Mirabeau's expressions。



'3' Archives nationales; G。  300; letter of an excise director at

Coulommiers; Aug。  13; 1781。



'4' D'Argenson; VI。  425 (June 16; 1751)。



'5' De Montlosier; I。  102; 146。



'6' Théron de Montaugé; 102。



'7' Monsieur Nicolas; I。  448。



'8' 〃Tableaux de la Révolution;〃 by Schmidt; II。  7 (report by the

agent Perriere who lived in Auvergne。)



'9' Gouverneur Morris; II。  69; April 29; 1789。



'10' Mercier; 〃Tableau de Paris;〃 XII。  83。



'11' De Vaublanc; 209。



'12' Mandrin; (Louis) (Saint étienne…de… Saint…Geoirs; Isère; 1724

… Valence; 1755)。  French smuggler who; after 1750; was active over an

enormous territory with the support of the population; hunted down by

the army; caught; condemned to death to be broken alive on the wheel。

(SR。)



'13' Arthur Young; I。  283 (Aug。  13; 1789); I。  289 (Aug。  19; 1789)。



'14' Archives nationales; H; 274。  Letters respectively of M。 de

Caraman (March 18 and April 12; 1789); M。 d'Eymar de Montmegran (April

2); M。 de la Tour (March 30)。  〃The sovereign's greatest benefit is

interpreted in the strangest manner by an ignorant populace。〃



'15' Doniol; 〃Hist。  Des classes rurales;〃 495。  (Letter of Aug。  3;

1789; to M。 de Clermont…Tonnerre)。



'16' Archives nationales; H。  1453。  (Letter of Aug。  3; 1789; to M。

de Clermont…Tonnere)。



'17' Procès…verbaux de l'ass。  Prov。  D'Orléanais;〃 p。  296。〃Distrusts

still prevails throughout the rural districts。  。  。  Your first orders

for departmental assemblies only awakened suspicion in c

返回目录 上一页 下一页 回到顶部 0 0

你可能喜欢的