the origins of contemporary france-1-第131章
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parish in which one…quarter or one…third of its inhabitants have
nothing to eat but that which they beg from door to door? At
Argentré;'38' in Brittany; 〃a town without trade or industry; out of
2;300 inhabitants; more than one…half are anything else but well…off;
and over 500 are reduced to beggary。〃 At Dainville; in Artois; 〃out of
130 houses sixty are on the poor…list。〃'39' In Normandy; according to
statements made by the curates; 〃of 900 parishioners in Saint…Malo;
three…quarters can barely live and the rest are in poverty。〃 〃Of 1;500
inhabitants in Saint…Patrice; 400 live on alms。〃 Of 500 inhabitants in
Saint…Laurent three…quarters live on alms。〃 At Marboef; says a report;
〃of 500 persons inhabiting our parish; 100 are reduced to mendicity;
and besides these; thirty or forty a day come to us from neighboring
parishes。〃'40' At Bolbone in Languedoc'41' daily at the convent gate
is 〃general almsgiving to 300 or 400 poor people; independent of that
for the aged and the sick; which is more numerously attended。〃 At
Lyons; in 1787; 〃30;000 workmen depend on public charity for
subsistence;〃 at Rennes; in 1788; after an inundation; 〃two…thirds of
the inhabitants are in a state of destitution;〃'42' at Paris; out of
650;000 inhabitants; the census of 1791 counts 118;784 as
indigent。'43' … Let frost or hail come; as in 1788; let a crop fail;
let bread cost four sous a pound; and let a workman in the charity…
workshops earn only twelve sous a day;'44' can one imagine that
people will resign themselves to death by starvation? Around Rouen;
during the winter of 1788; the forests are pillaged in open day; the
woods at Baguères are wholly cut away; the fallen trees are publicly
sold by the marauders'45'。 Both the famished and the marauders go
together; necessity making itself the accomplice of crime。 From
province to province we can follow up their tracks: four months later;
in the vicinity of Etampes; fifteen brigands break into four
farmhouses during the night; while the farmers; threatened by
incendiaries; are obliged to give; one three hundred francs; another
five hundred; all the money; probably; they have in their coffers'46'。
〃Robbers; convicts; the worthless of every species;〃 are to form the
advance guard of insurrections and lead the peasantry to the extreme
of violence'47'。 After the sack of the Reveillon house in Paris it is
remarked that 〃of the forty ringleaders arrested; there was scarcely
one who was not an old offender; and either flogged or branded。〃'48'
In every revolution the dregs of society come to the surface。 Never
had these been visible before; like badgers in the woods; or rats in
the sewers; they had remained in their burrows or in their holes。 They
issue from these in swarms; and suddenly; in Paris; what figures!'49'
〃Never had any like them been seen in daylight。 。 。 Where do they come
from? Who has brought them out of their obscure hiding places? 。 。 。
strangers from everywhere; armed with clubs; ragged; 。 。 。 some almost
naked; others oddly dressed〃 in incongruous patches and 〃frightful to
look at;〃 constitute the riotous chiefs or their subordinates; at six
francs per head; behind which the people are to march。
〃At Paris;〃 says Mercier;'50' 〃the people are weak; pallid;
diminutive; stunted;〃 maltreated; 〃and; apparently; a class apart from
other classes in the country。 The rich and the great who possess
equipages; enjoy the privilege of crushing them or of mutilating them
in the streets。 。 。 There is no convenience for pedestrians; no side…
walks。 Hundred victims die annually under the carriage wheels。〃 〃I
saw;〃 says Arthur Young; 〃a poor child run over and probably killed;
and have been myself several times been covered from head to toe with
the water from the gutter。 Should young (English) noblemen drive along
London streets without sidewalks; in the same manner as their equals
in Paris; they would speedily and justly get very well thrashed and
rolled in the gutter。〃
Mercier grows uneasy in the face of the immense populace:
〃In Paris there are; probably; 200;000 persons with no property
intrinsically worth fifty crowns; and yet the city subsists!〃
Order; consequently; is maintained only through fear and by force;
owing to the soldiery of the watch who are called tristes…à…patte by
the crowd。 〃This nick name enrages this species of militia; who then
deal heavier blows around them; wounding indiscriminately all they
encounter。 The low class is always ready to make war on them because
it has never been fairly treated by them。〃 In fact; 〃a squad of the
guard often scatters; with no trouble; crowds of five or six hundred
men; at first greatly excited; but melting away in the twinkling of an
eye; after the soldiery have distributed a few blows and handcuffed
two or three of the ringleaders。〃 … Nevertheless; 〃were the people
of Paris abandoned to their true inclinations; did they not feel the
horse and foot guards behind them; the commissary and policeman; there
would be no limits to their disorder。 The populace; delivered from its
customary restraint; would give itself up to violence of so cruel a
stamp as not to know when to stop。 。 。 As long as white bread
lasts;'51' the commotion will not prove general; the flour market'52'
must interest itself in the matter; if the women are to remain
tranquil。 。 。 Should white bread be wanting for two market days in
succession; the uprising would be universal; and it is impossible to
foresee the lengths this multitude at bay will go to in order to
escape famine; they and their children。〃 …In 1789 white bread proves
to be wanting throughout France。
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Notes:
'1' Théron de Montaugé; 102; 113。 In the Toulousain ten parishes
out of fifty have schools。 … In Gascony; says the ass。 prov。 of Auch
(p。 24); 〃most of the rural districts are without schoolmasters or
parsonages。〃 … In 1778; the post between Paris and Toulouse runs only
three times a week; that of Toulouse by way of Alby; Rodez; etc。;
twice a week; for Beaumont; Saint…Girons; etc。; once a week。 〃In the
country;〃 says Théron de Montaugé; 〃one may be said to live in
solitude and exile。〃 In 1789 the Paris post reaches Besan?on three
times a week。 (Arthur Young; I。 257)。
'2' One of the Marquis de Mirabeau's expressions。
'3' Archives nationales; G。 300; letter of an excise director at
Coulommiers; Aug。 13; 1781。
'4' D'Argenson; VI。 425 (June 16; 1751)。
'5' De Montlosier; I。 102; 146。
'6' Théron de Montaugé; 102。
'7' Monsieur Nicolas; I。 448。
'8' 〃Tableaux de la Révolution;〃 by Schmidt; II。 7 (report by the
agent Perriere who lived in Auvergne。)
'9' Gouverneur Morris; II。 69; April 29; 1789。
'10' Mercier; 〃Tableau de Paris;〃 XII。 83。
'11' De Vaublanc; 209。
'12' Mandrin; (Louis) (Saint étienne…de… Saint…Geoirs; Isère; 1724
… Valence; 1755)。 French smuggler who; after 1750; was active over an
enormous territory with the support of the population; hunted down by
the army; caught; condemned to death to be broken alive on the wheel。
(SR。)
'13' Arthur Young; I。 283 (Aug。 13; 1789); I。 289 (Aug。 19; 1789)。
'14' Archives nationales; H; 274。 Letters respectively of M。 de
Caraman (March 18 and April 12; 1789); M。 d'Eymar de Montmegran (April
2); M。 de la Tour (March 30)。 〃The sovereign's greatest benefit is
interpreted in the strangest manner by an ignorant populace。〃
'15' Doniol; 〃Hist。 Des classes rurales;〃 495。 (Letter of Aug。 3;
1789; to M。 de Clermont…Tonnerre)。
'16' Archives nationales; H。 1453。 (Letter of Aug。 3; 1789; to M。
de Clermont…Tonnere)。
'17' Procès…verbaux de l'ass。 Prov。 D'Orléanais;〃 p。 296。〃Distrusts
still prevails throughout the rural districts。 。 。 Your first orders
for departmental assemblies only awakened suspicion in c