the origins of contemporary france-1-第127章
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elections; Messieurs the post…masters; Messieurs the presidents and
other attachés of the salt…warehouse; every individual possessing
extensive property pays but a third or a half of the taxes they ought
to pay。〃
'62' De Tocqueville; 385。 … 〃Procès…verbaux de l'ass。 prov。 de
Lyonnais;〃 p。 56
'63' Archives nationales; H; 1422。 (Letters of M。 d'Aine;
intendant; also of the receiver for the election of Tulle; February
23; 1783)。
'64' De Tocqueville; 64; 363。
'65' Archives nationales; H; 612; 614。 (Letters of M。 de la Bove;
September 11; and Dec。 2; 1774; June 28; 1777)。
'66' Mercier; II。 62。
'67' 〃Grievances〃 of the parish of Aubervilliers。
'68' Archives nationales; G; 300; G; 322 (〃Mémoires〃 on the excise
duties)。
'69' 〃Procès…verbaux de l'ass。 prov。 des Trois…Evêchés p。 442。
'70' Archives nationales; H; 1422 (Letter of the intendant of
Moulins; April 1779)。
'71' Archives nationales; H。 1312 (Letters of M。 D'Antheman
procureur…général of the excise court (May 19; 1783); and of the
Archbishop of Aix (June 15; 1783)。) … Provence produced wheat only
sufficient for seven and a half months' consumption。
'72' Abbreviation for the 〃cahier des doléances〃; in English
'register of grieviances'; brought with them by the representatives of
the people to the great gathering in Paris of the 〃States…Généraux〃 in
1789。 (SR。)
'73' The feudal dues may be estimated at a seventh of the net
income and the dime also at a seventh。 These are the figures given by
the ass。 prov。 of Haute…Guyenne (Procès…verbaux; p。 47)。 … Isolated
instances; in other provinces; indicate similar results。 The dime
ranges from a tenth to the thirteenth of the gross product; and
commonly the tenth。 I regard the average as about the fourteenth; and
as one…half of the gross product must he deducted for expenses of
cultivation; it amounts to one…seventh。 Letrosne says a fifth and even
a quarter。
'74' Boivin…Champeaux; 72。
'75' Grievances of the community of Culmon (Election de Langres。)
'76' Boivin…Champeaux; 34; 36; 41; 48。 … Périn (〃Doléances des
paroisses rurales de l'Artuis;〃 301; 308)。 … Archives nationales;
procès…verbaux and cahiers of the States…Géneraux; vol。 XVII。 P。 12
(Letter of the inhabitants of Dracy…le Viteux)。
'77' Motte: a mound indicative of Seigniorial dominion; quevaise;
the right of forcing a resident to remain on his property under
penalty of forfeiture; domaine congéable; property held subject to
capricious ejection。 (TR)
'78' Prud'homme; 〃Résumé des cahiers;〃 III。 passim; and especially
from 317 to 340。
CHAPTER III。 INTELLECTUAL STATE OF THE PEOPLE。
I。
Intellectual incapacity。 … How ideas are transformed into marvelous
stories。
To comprehend their actions we ought now to look into the
condition of their minds; to know the current train of their ideas;
their mode of thinking。 But is it really essential to draw this
portrait; and are not the details of their mental condition we have
just presented sufficient? We shall obtain a knowledge of them later;
and through their actions; when; in Touraine; they knock a mayor and
his assistant; chosen by themselves; senseless with kicks from their
wooden shoes; because; in obeying the national Assembly; these two
unfortunate men prepared a table of taxes; or when at Troyes; they
drag through the streets and tear to pieces the venerable magistrate
who was nourishing them at that very moment; and who had just dictated
his testament in their favor。…Take the still rude brain of a
contemporary peasant and deprive it of the ideas which; for eighty
years past; have entered it by so many channels; through the primary
school of each village; through the return home of the conscript after
seven years' service; through the prodigious multiplication of books;
newspapers; roads; railroads; foreign travel and every other species
of communication。'1' Try to imagine the peasant of the eighteenth
century; penned and shut up from father to son in his hamlet; without
parish highways; deprived of news; with no instruction but the Sunday
sermon; continuously worrying about his daily bread and the taxes;
〃with his wretched; dried…up aspect;〃'2' not daring to repair his
house; always persecuted; distrustful; his mind contracted and
stinted; so to say; by misery。 His condition is almost that of his ox
or his ass; while his ideas are those of his condition。 He has been a
long time stolid; 〃he lacks even instinct;〃'3' mechanically and
fixedly regarding the ground on which he drags along his hereditary
plow。 In 1751; d'Argenson wrote in his journal:
〃nothing in the news from the court affects them; the reign is
indifferent to them。 。 。 。 。 the distance between the capital and the
province daily widens。 。 。 。 Here they are ignorant of the striking
occurrences that most impressed us at Paris。 。 。 。The inhabitants of
the country side are merely poverty…stricken slaves; draft cattle
under a yoke; moving on as they are goaded; caring for nothing and
embarrassed by nothing; provided they can eat and sleep at regular
hours。〃
They make no complaints; 〃they do not even dream of
complaining;〃'4' their wretchedness seems to them natural like winter
or hail。 Their minds; like their agriculture; still belong to the
middle ages。…In the environment of Toulouse;'5' to ascertain who
committed a robbery; to cure a man or a sick animal; they resort to a
sorcerer; who divines this by means of a sieve。 The countryman fully
believes in ghosts and; on All Saints' eve; he lays the cloth for the
dead。… In Auvergne; at the outbreak the Revolution; on a contagious
fever making its appearance; M。 de Montlosier; declared to be a
sorcerer; is the cause of it; and two hundred men assemble together to
demolish his dwelling。 Their religious belief is on the same level。'6'
〃Their priests drink with them and sell them absolution。 On Sundays;
at the sermon; they put up lieutenancies and sub…lieutenancies (among
the saints) for sale: so much for a lieutenant's place under St。
Peter! … If the peasant hesitates in his bid; an eulogy of St。 Peter
at once begins; and then our peasants run it up fast enough。〃 … To
intellects in a primitive state; barren of ideas and crowded with
images; idols on earth are as essential as idols in heaven。 〃No doubt
whatever existed in my mind;〃 says Rétit de la Bretonne;'7' 〃of the
power of the king to compel any man to bestow his wife or daughter on
me; and my village (Sacy; in Burgundy) thought as I did。〃'8' There is
no room in minds of this description for abstract conceptions; for any
idea of social order; they are submissive to it and that is all。 〃The
mass of the people;〃 writes Governor in 1789; 〃have no religion but
that of their priests; no law but that of those above them; no
morality but that of self…interest; these are the beings who; led on
by drunken curates; are now on the high road to liberty; and the first
use they make of it is to rebel on all sides because there is
dearth。〃'9'
How could things be otherwise? Every idea; previous to taking root
in their brain; must possess a legendary form; as absurd as it is
simple; adapted to their experiences; their faculties; their fears and
their aspirations。 Once planted in this uncultivated and fertile soil
it vegetates and becomes transformed; developing into gross
excrescences; somber foliage and poisonous fruit。 The more monstrous
the greater its vigor; clinging to the slightest of probabilities and
tenacious against the most certain of demonstrations。 Under Louis XV;
in an arrest of vagabonds; a few children having been carried off
willfully or by mistake; the rumor spreads that the king takes baths
in blood to restore his exhausted functions; and; so true does this
seem to be; the women; horrified through their maternal instin