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elections; Messieurs the post…masters; Messieurs the presidents and

other attachés of the salt…warehouse; every individual possessing

extensive property pays but a third or a half of the taxes they ought

to pay。〃



'62' De Tocqueville; 385。  … 〃Procès…verbaux de l'ass。  prov。  de

Lyonnais;〃 p。  56



'63' Archives nationales; H; 1422。  (Letters of M。 d'Aine;

intendant; also of the receiver for the election of Tulle; February

23; 1783)。



'64' De Tocqueville; 64; 363。



'65' Archives nationales; H; 612; 614。  (Letters of M。 de la Bove;

September 11; and Dec。  2; 1774; June 28; 1777)。



'66' Mercier; II。  62。



'67' 〃Grievances〃 of the parish of Aubervilliers。



'68' Archives nationales; G; 300; G; 322 (〃Mémoires〃 on the excise

duties)。



'69' 〃Procès…verbaux de l'ass。  prov。  des Trois…Evêchés p。  442。



'70' Archives nationales; H; 1422 (Letter of the intendant of

Moulins; April 1779)。



'71' Archives nationales; H。  1312 (Letters of M。 D'Antheman

procureur…général of the excise court (May 19; 1783); and of the

Archbishop of Aix (June 15; 1783)。) … Provence produced wheat only

sufficient for seven and a half months' consumption。



'72' Abbreviation for the 〃cahier des doléances〃; in English

'register of grieviances'; brought with them by the representatives of

the people to the great gathering in Paris of the 〃States…Généraux〃 in

1789。  (SR。)



'73' The feudal dues may be estimated at a seventh of the net

income and the dime also at a seventh。  These are the figures given by

the ass。  prov。  of Haute…Guyenne (Procès…verbaux; p。  47)。  … Isolated

instances; in other provinces; indicate similar results。  The dime

ranges from a tenth to the thirteenth of the gross product; and

commonly the tenth。  I regard the average as about the fourteenth; and

as one…half of the gross product must he deducted for expenses of

cultivation; it amounts to one…seventh。  Letrosne says a fifth and even

a quarter。



'74' Boivin…Champeaux; 72。



'75' Grievances of the community of Culmon (Election de Langres。)



'76' Boivin…Champeaux; 34; 36; 41; 48。  … Périn (〃Doléances des

paroisses rurales de l'Artuis;〃 301; 308)。  … Archives nationales;

procès…verbaux and cahiers of the States…Géneraux; vol。  XVII。  P。  12

(Letter of the inhabitants of Dracy…le Viteux)。



'77' Motte: a mound indicative of Seigniorial dominion; quevaise;

the right of forcing a resident to remain on his property under

penalty of forfeiture; domaine congéable; property held subject to

capricious ejection。  (TR)



'78' Prud'homme; 〃Résumé des cahiers;〃 III。  passim; and especially

from 317 to 340。













CHAPTER III。  INTELLECTUAL STATE OF THE PEOPLE。



I。



Intellectual incapacity。  … How ideas are transformed into marvelous

stories。



  To comprehend their actions we ought now to look into the

condition of their minds; to know the current train of their ideas;

their mode of thinking。  But is it really essential to draw this

portrait; and are not the details of their mental condition we have

just presented sufficient? We shall obtain a knowledge of them later;

and through their actions; when; in Touraine; they knock a mayor and

his assistant; chosen by themselves; senseless with kicks from their

wooden shoes; because; in obeying the national Assembly; these two

unfortunate men prepared a table of taxes; or when at Troyes; they

drag through the streets and tear to pieces the venerable magistrate

who was nourishing them at that very moment; and who had just dictated

his testament in their favor。…Take the still rude brain of a

contemporary peasant and deprive it of the ideas which; for eighty

years past; have entered it by so many channels; through the primary

school of each village; through the return home of the conscript after

seven years' service; through the prodigious multiplication of books;

newspapers; roads; railroads; foreign travel and every other species

of communication。'1' Try to imagine the peasant of the eighteenth

century; penned and shut up from father to son in his hamlet; without

parish highways; deprived of news; with no instruction but the Sunday

sermon; continuously worrying about his daily bread and the taxes;

〃with his wretched; dried…up aspect;〃'2' not daring to repair his

house; always persecuted; distrustful; his mind contracted and

stinted; so to say; by misery。  His condition is almost that of his ox

or his ass; while his ideas are those of his condition。  He has been a

long time stolid; 〃he lacks even instinct;〃'3' mechanically and

fixedly regarding the ground on which he drags along his hereditary

plow。  In 1751; d'Argenson wrote in his journal:



 〃nothing in the news from the court affects them; the reign is

indifferent to them。  。  。  。  。  the distance between the capital and the

province daily widens。  。  。  。  Here they are ignorant of the striking

occurrences that most impressed us at Paris。  。  。  。The inhabitants of

the country side are merely poverty…stricken slaves; draft cattle

under a yoke; moving on as they are goaded; caring for nothing and

embarrassed by nothing; provided they can eat and sleep at regular

hours。〃



They make no complaints; 〃they do not even dream of

complaining;〃'4' their wretchedness seems to them natural like winter

or hail。  Their minds; like their agriculture; still belong to the

middle ages。…In the environment of Toulouse;'5' to ascertain who

committed a robbery; to cure a man or a sick animal; they resort to a

sorcerer; who divines this by means of a sieve。  The countryman fully

believes in ghosts and; on All Saints' eve; he lays the cloth for the

dead。… In Auvergne; at the outbreak the Revolution; on a contagious

fever making its appearance; M。 de Montlosier; declared to be a

sorcerer; is the cause of it; and two hundred men assemble together to

demolish his dwelling。  Their religious belief is on the same level。'6'

〃Their priests drink with them and sell them absolution。  On Sundays;

at the sermon; they put up lieutenancies and sub…lieutenancies (among

the saints) for sale: so much for a lieutenant's place under St。

Peter! …  If the peasant hesitates in his bid; an eulogy of St。  Peter

at once begins; and then our peasants run it up fast enough。〃 … To

intellects in a primitive state; barren of ideas and crowded with

images; idols on earth are as essential as idols in heaven。  〃No doubt

whatever existed in my mind;〃 says Rétit de la Bretonne;'7' 〃of the

power of the king to compel any man to bestow his wife or daughter on

me; and my village (Sacy; in Burgundy) thought as I did。〃'8' There is

no room in minds of this description for abstract conceptions; for any

idea of social order; they are submissive to it and that is all。  〃The

mass of the people;〃 writes Governor in 1789; 〃have no religion but

that of their priests; no law but that of those above them; no

morality but that of self…interest; these are the beings who; led on

by drunken curates; are now on the high road to liberty; and the first

use they make of it is to rebel on all sides because there is

dearth。〃'9'



How could things be otherwise? Every idea; previous to taking root

in their brain; must possess a legendary form; as absurd as it is

simple; adapted to their experiences; their faculties; their fears and

their aspirations。  Once planted in this uncultivated and fertile soil

it vegetates and becomes transformed; developing into gross

excrescences; somber foliage and poisonous fruit。  The more monstrous

the greater its vigor; clinging to the slightest of probabilities and

tenacious against the most certain of demonstrations。  Under Louis XV;

in an arrest of vagabonds; a few children having been carried off

willfully or by mistake; the rumor spreads that the king takes baths

in blood to restore his exhausted functions; and; so true does this

seem to be; the women; horrified through their maternal instin

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