the origins of contemporary france-1-第118章
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The small cultivator; however; in becoming a possessor of the soil
assumed its charges。 Simply as day…laborer; and with his arms alone;
he was only partially affected by the taxes; 〃where there is nothing
the king loses his dues。〃 But now; vainly is he poor and declaring
himself still poorer; the fisc has a hold on him and on every portion
of his new possessions。 The collectors; peasants like himself; and
jealous; by virtue of being his neighbors; know how much his property;
exposed to view; brings in; hence they take all they can lay their
hands on。 Vainly has he labored with renewed energy; his hands remain
as empty; and; at the end of the year; he discovers that his field has
produced him nothing。 The more he acquires and produces the more
burdensome do the taxes become。 In 1715; the taille and the poll…tax;
which he alone pays; or nearly alone; amounts to sixty…six millions of
livres; the amount is ninety…three millions in 1759 and one hundred
and ten millions in 1789。'50' In 1757; the charges amount to
283;156;000 livres; in 1789 to 476;294;000 livres。
Theoretically; through humanity and through good sense; there is;
doubtless; a desire to relieve the peasant; and pity is felt for him。
But; in practice; through necessity and routine; he is treated
according to Cardinal Richelieu's precept; as a beast of burden to
which oats is sparingly rationed out for fear that he may become too
strong and kick; 〃a mule which; accustomed to his load; is spoiled
more by long repose than by work。〃。。。。
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Notes:
'1' Labruyère; edition of Destailleurs; II; 97。 Addition to the
fourth ed。 (1689)
'2' Oppression and misery begin about 1672。 … At the end of the
seventeenth century (l698); the reports made up by the intendants for
the Duc de Bourgogne; state that many of the districts and provinces
have lost one…sixth; one…fifth; one…quarter; the third and even the
half of their population。 (See details in the 〃correspondance des
contr?leurs…généraux from 1683 to 1698;〃 published by M。 de
Boislisle)。 According to the reports of intendants; (Vauban; 〃Dime
Royale;〃 ch。 VII。 § 2。); the population of France in 1698 amounted to
19;994;146 inhabitants。 From 1698 to 1715 it decreases。 According to
Forbonnais; there were but 16 or 17 millions under the Regency。 After
this epoch the population no longer diminishes but; for forty years;
it hardly increases。 In 1753 (Voltaire; 〃Dict Phil。;〃 article
Population); there are 3;550;499 hearths; besides 700;000 souls in
Paris; which makes from 16 to 17 millions of inhabitants if we count
four and one…half persons to each fireside; and from 18 to 19 millions
if we count five persons。
'3' Floquet; 〃Histoire du Parlement de Normandie;〃 VII。 402。
'4' Rousseau; 〃Confessions;〃 1st part; ch。 IV。 (1732)。
'5'D'Argenson; 19th and 24th May; July 4; and Aug。 1; 1739
'6' 〃Résumé d'histoire d'Auvergne par un Auvergnat〃 (M。
Tallandier); p。 313。
'7' D'Argenson; 1740; Aug。 7 and 21; September 19 and 24; May 28
and November 7。
'8' D'Argenson; October 4; 1749; May 20; Sept。 12; Oct。 28; Dec。
28; 1750。
'9' D'Argenson; June 21; 1749; May 22; 1750; March 19; 1751;
February 14; April 15; 1752; etc。
'10' Floquet; ibid。。 VII。 410 (April; 1752; an address to the
Parliament of Normandy)
'11' D'Argenson; November 26; 1751: March 15; 1753。
'12' D'Argenson; IV。 124; VI。 165: VII。 194; etc。
'13' Floquet; ibid。 VI。 400…430
'14' 〃Correspondance;〃 by Métra; I。 338; 341。 … Hippeau; 〃Le
Gouvernement de Normandie;〃 IV。 62; 199; 358。
'15' 〃Procès…verbaux de l'assemblée provinciale de Basse Normandie〃
(1787); p。151。
'16' Archives nationales; G; 319。 Condition of the directory of
Issoudun; and H; 1149; 612; 1418。
'17' Ibid。。 The letters of M。 de Crosne; intendant of Rouen
(February 17; 1784); of M。 de Blossac; intendant of Poitiers (May 9;
1784); of M。 de Villeneuve; intendant of Bourges (March 28; 1784); of
M。 de Cypierre; intendant of Orleans (May 28; 1784); of M。 de Maziron;
intendant of Moulins (June 28; 1786); of M。 Dupont; intendant of
Moulins (Nov。 16; 1779); etc。
'18' Archives nationales; H; 200 (A memorandum by M。 Amelot;
intendant at Dijon; 1786)。
'19' Gautier de Bianzat; 〃Doléances sur les surcharges que portent
les gens du Tiers…Etat;〃 etc。 (1789); p。 188。 … 〃Procès…verbaux de
I'assemblée provinciale d'Auvergne〃 (1787); p。 175。
'20' Théron de Montaugé; 〃L'Agriculture et les chores rurales dans
le Toulousain;〃 112。
'21' 〃Procès…verbaux de assemblée provinciale de la Haute…Guyenne;〃
I。 47; 79。
'22' 〃Procès…verbaux de l'assemblée provinciale du Soissonais〃
(1787); p。 457; 〃de l'assemblée provinciale d'Auch;〃 p。 24。
'23' 〃Résumé des cahiers;〃 by Prudhomme; III。 271。
'24' Hippeau; ibid。 VI。 74; 243 (grievances drawn up by the
Chevalier de Bertin)。
'25' See the article 〃Fermiers et Grains;〃 in the Encyclopedia; by
Quesnay; 1756。
'26' Théron de Montaugé; p。25。 … 〃Ephémérides du citoyen;〃 III。 190
(1766); IX。 15 (an article by M。 de Butré; 1767)。
'27' 〃Procés…verbaux de l'assemblée provinciale de l'Orléanais〃
(1787); in a memoir by M。 d'Autroche。
'28' One is surprised to see such a numerous people fed even though
one…half; or one…quarter of the arable land is sterile wastes。 (Arthur
Young; II; 137。)
'29' Archives nationales; H; 1149。 A letter of the Comtesse de
Saint…Georges (1772) on the effects of frost。 〃The ground this year
will remain uncultivated; there being already much land in this
condition; and especially in our parish。〃 Théron de Montaugé; ibid。。
45; 80。
'30' Arthur Young; II。 112; 115。 … Théron de Montaugé; 52; 61。
'31' The Marquis de Mirabeau; 〃Traité de la population;〃 p。29。
'32' Cf Galiani; 〃Dialogues sur le commerce des blés。〃 (1770); p。
193。 Wheat bread at this time cost four sous per pound。
'33' Arthur Young; II。 200; 201; 260…265。 … Théron de Montaugé;
59; 68; 75; 79; 81; 84。
'34' 〃The poor people who cultivate the soil here are métayers;
that is men who hire the land without ability to stock it; the
proprietor is forced to provide cattle and seed and he and his tenants
divide the produce。〃 … ARTHUR YOUNG。(TR。)
'35' 〃Ephémérides du citoyen;〃 VI。 81…94 (1767); and IX。 99 (1767)。
'36' Turgot; 〃Collections des économistes;〃 I。 544; 549。
'37' Marquis de Mirabeau; 〃Traité de la population;〃 83。。
'38' Hippeau; VI; 91。
'39' Dulaure; 〃Description de l'Auvergne;〃 1789。
'40' Arthur Young; I。 235。
'41' 〃Ephémérides du citoyen;〃 XX。 146; a letter of the Marquis de
… August 17; 1767。
'42' Lucas de Montigny; 〃Memoires de Mirabeau;〃 I; 394。
'43' Arthur Young; I。 280; 289; 294。
'44' Lafayette 〃Mémoires;〃 V。 533。
'45' Lucas de Montigny; ibid。 (a letter of August 18; 1777)。
'46' De Tocqueville; 117。
'47' 〃Procès…verbaux de l'assemblée provinciale de Basse Normandie〃
(1787); p。205。
'48' Léonce de Lavergne; p。 26 (according to the tables of
indemnity granted to the émigrés in 1825)。 In the estate of Blet (see
note 2 at the end of the volume); twenty…two parcels are alienated in
1760。 … Arthur Young; I。 308 (the domain of Tour…d'Aigues; in
Provence); and II。 198; 214。 … Doniol; 〃Histoire des classes rurales;〃
p。450。 … De Tocqueville; p。36。
'49' Archives nationales; H; 1463 (a letter by M。 de Fontette;
November 16; 1772)。 … Cf。 Cochut; 〃Revue des Deux Mondes;〃
September; 1848。 The sale of the national property seems not to have
sensibly increased small properties nor sensibly diminished the number
of the large ones。 The Revolution developed moderate sized properties。
In 1848; the large estates numbered 183;000 (23;000 families paying
300 francs taxes; and