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…  Cf。  Aubertin; 291; 415 (〃Mémoires;〃 manuscript by Hardy)。



'25' Treaties of Paris and Hubersbourg; 1763。  … The trial of La

Chalotais; 1765。  … Bankruptcy of Terray; 1770。  … Destruction of the

Parliament; 1771。  … The first partition of Poland; 1772。  … Rousseau;

〃Discours sur l'inégalité;〃 1753。  … 〃Héloise;〃 1759。  … 〃Emile〃 and

〃Contrat Social;〃 1762。



'26' De Barante; 〃Tableau de la littérature fran?aise au dix…

huitième siècle;〃 312。



'27' 〃Mercure britannique;〃 vol。  II; 360。



'28' Lacretelle; 〃Dix ans d'épreuves;〃 p。  21。



'29' 〃Memoires;〃 by PASQUIER (Etienne…Dennis; duc); chancelier de

France。  in VI volumes; Librarie Plon; Paris 1893。



'30' 〃Le Compère Mathieu;〃 by Dulaurens (1766)。  〃Our sufferings

are due to the way in which we are brought up; namely; the state of

society in which we are born。  Now that state being the source of all

our ills its dissolution must become that of all our good。〃



'31' The 〃Tableau de Paris;〃 by Mercier (12 vols。); is the

completest and most exact portrayal of the ideas and aspirations of

the middle class from 1781 to 1788。



'32' 〃Correspondence;〃 by Métra; XVII; 87 (August 20; 1784)。



'33' 〃Belisarious;〃 is from 1780; and the 〃Oath of the Horatii;〃

from 1783。



'34' Geffroy; 〃Gustave II et la cour de France。〃 〃Paris; with its

republican spirit; generally applauds whatever fails at

Fontainebleau。〃 (A letter by Madame de Sta?l; Sept。  17; 1786)。



'35' Taine uses the French term 〃passe…droit〃; meaning both passing

over; slight; unjust promotion over the heads of others; a special

favour; or privilege。  (SR。)



'36' Sainte…Beuve; 〃Causeries du Lundi;〃 II。  24; in the article on

Barnave。



'37' Dr Tilly; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。  243。



'38' The words of Fontanes; who knew her and admired her。  (Sainte…

Beuve; 〃Nouveaux Lundis;〃 VIII。  221)。



'39' 〃Mémoires de Madame Roland;〃 passim。  At fourteen years of

age; on being introduced to Mme。  de Boismorel; she is hurt at hearing

her grandmother addressed 〃Mademoiselle。〃     Shortly after this;

she says: 〃I could not concoal from myself that I was of more

consequence than Mlle。  d'Hannaches; whose sixty years and her

genealogy did not enable her to write a common…sense letter or one

that was legible。〃     About the same epoch she passes a week at

Versailles with a servant of the Dauphine; and tells her mother; 〃A

few days more and I shall so detest these people that I shall not know

how to suppress my hatred of them。〃     〃What injury have they done

you?〃 she inquired。  〃It is the feeling of injustice and the constant

contemplation of absurdity!〃     At the chateau of Fontenay where

she is invited to dine; she and her mother are made to dine in the

servants' room; etc。      In 1818; in a small town in the north; the

Comte de     dining with a bourgeois sub…prefect and placed by the

side of the mistress of the house; says to her; on accepting the soup;

'Thanks; sweetheart;' But the Revolution has given the lower class

bourgeoisie the courage to defend themselves tooth and nail so that; a

moment later; she addresses him; with one of her sweetest smiles;

'Will you take some chicken; my love?' (The French expression 'mon

coeur' means both sweetheart and my love。  SR。)



'40' De Vaublanc; I。  153。



'41' Beugnot; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。  77。



'42' Champfort; 16。     〃Who would believe it! Not taxation; nor

lettres…de…cachet; nor the abuses of power; nor the vexations of

intendants; and the ruinous delays of justice have provoked the ire of

the nation; but their prejudices against the nobility towards which it

has shown the greatest hatred。  This evidently proves that the

bourgeoisie; the men of letters; the financial class; in short all

who envy the nobles have excited against these the inferior class in

the towns and among the rural peasantry。〃 (Rivarol; 〃Mémoires。〃)



'43' Champfort; 335。



'44' Sieyès; 〃Qu'est ce que le Tiers?〃 17; 41; 139; 166。



'45' Cartouche (Luis Dominique) (Paris; 1693 … id。  1721)。

Notorious French bandit; leader of a gang of thieves。  He died broken

alive on the wheel。  (SR。)



'46' 〃The nobility; say the nobles; is an intermediary between the

king and the people。  Yes; as the hound is an intermediary between the

hunter and the hare。〃 (Champfort)。



'47' Prud'homme; III。  2。  (〃The Third…Estate of Nivernais;〃

passim。) Cf; on the other hand; the registers of the nobility of Bugey

and of Alen?on。



'48' Prud'homme; ibid。。; Cahiers of the Third…Estates of Dijon;

Dax; Bayonne; Saint…Sévère; Rennes; etc。



'49' Marmontel; 〃Mémoires;〃 II。  247。



'50' Arthur Young; I。  222。



'51' Malouet; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。  279。



'52' De Lavalette; I。  7。     〃Souvenirs〃; by PASQUIER (Etienne…

Dennis; duc); chancelier de France。  in VI volumes; Librarie Plon;

Paris 1893。     。  Cf。  Brissot; Mémoires; I。



'53' Prudhomme; 〃Résumé des cahiers;〃 the 〃preface;〃 by J。  J。

Rousseau。



'54' Marmontel; II。  245。











BOOK FIFTH。  THE PEOPLE



CHAPTER I。  HARDSHIPS。



I。   Privations。



Under Louis XIV。  … Under Louis XV。  … Under Louis XVI。



  La Bruyère wrote; just a century before 1789;'1':



〃Certain savage…looking animals; male and female; are seen in the

country; black; livid and sunburned; and attached to the soil which

they dig and grub with invincible stubbornness。  They seem capable of

speech; and; when they stand erect; they display a human face。  They

are; in fact; men。  They retire at night into their dens where they

live on black bread; water and roots。  They spare other human beings

the trouble of sowing; plowing and harvesting; and thus should not be

in want of the bread they have planted。〃



They are; however; in want during the twenty…five years after this;

and die in droves。  I estimate that in 1715 more than one…third of the

population;'2' six millions; perish with hunger and of destitution。

This description is; in respect of the first quarter of the century

preceding the Revolution; far from being too vivid; it is rather too

weak; we shall see that it; during more than half a century; up to the

death of Louis XV。  is exact; so that instead of weakening any of its

details; they should be strengthened。



〃In 1725;〃 says Saint…Simon; 〃with the profusion of Strasbourg and

Chantilly; the people; in Normandy; live on the grass of the fields。

The first king in Europe could not be a great king if it was not for

all the beggars and the poor…houses full of dying from whom all had

been taken even though it was peace…time。'3'



In the most prosperous days of Fleury and in the finest region in

France; the peasant hides 〃his wine on account of the excise and his

bread on account of the taille;〃 convinced 〃that he is a lost man if

any doubt exists of his dying of starvation。〃'4' In 1739 d'Argenson

writes in his journal'5':



〃The famine has just caused three insurrections in the provinces;

at Ruffec; at Caen; and at Chinon。  Women carrying their bread with

them have been assassinated on the highways。  。  。  M。 le Duc d'Orléans

brought to the Council the other day a piece of bread; and placed it

on the table before the king 'Sire;' said he; 'there is the bread on

which your subjects now feed themselves。'〃 〃In my own canton of

Touraine men have been eating herbage more than a year。〃 Misery finds

company on all sides。  〃It is talked about at Versailles more than

ever。  The king interrogated the bishop of Chartres on the condition of

his people; he replied that 'the famine and the morality were such

that men ate grass like sheep and died like so many flies。'〃



 In 1740;'6'  Massillon; bishop of Clermont…Ferrand; writes to

Fleury:



〃The people of the rural districts are living in frightful

destitution; without beds; without furniture; the majority; for half

the year; even lack barley and oat bread which is their sole food; and

which they are compel

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