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1765; October 18th; 28th; and November 19th; 1766。



'19' 〃Journal et Mémoires de Collé;〃 published by H。   Bonhomme;

II。   24 (October; 1755); and III。165 (October 1767)。



'20' 〃Corresp。   littéraire;〃 by Grimm (September; October; 1770)。



'21' Mme。   De Genlis; 〃Adèle et Théodore;〃 I; 312。



'22' De Goncourt; 〃La femme au dix…huitième siècle;〃 371…373。   …

Bachaumont; I。   224 (April 13; 1763)。



'23' Mme。   de Genlis; 〃Adèle et Théodore;〃 II。   326。



'24' 〃Tableau de Paris;〃 III。44。



'25' Métra。   〃Correspondance secrète;〃 XVII。   387 (March 7;

1785)。



'26' De Goncourt; ibid。   456。   … Vicomtesse de Noailles; 〃Vie de

la Princesse de Poix;〃 formerly de Beauvau。



'27' The Abbé de Latteignaut; canon of Rheims; the author of some

light poetry and convivial songs; 〃has just composed for Nicolet's

theater a parade in which the intrigue is supported by a good many

broad jests; very much in the fashion at this time。   The courtiers

who give the tone to this theater think the canon of Rheims superb。〃

(Bachaumont; IV。   174; November; 1768)。



'28' Bachaumont; III。   253。   … Chateaubriand; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。

246。



'29' Champfort; 279。



'30' Merlin de Thionville; 〃Vie et correspondance;〃 by Jean

Raynaud。   (〃La Chartreuse du Val Saint…Pierre。〃 Read the entire

passage)。   … 〃Souvenirs Manuscrits;〃 by M  … 。。



'31' Rivarol; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。   344。



'32' Mercier; IV。   142。   〃In Auvergne; says M。 de Montlosier; I

formed for myself a society of priests; men of wit; some of whom were

deists and others open atheists; with whom I carried on a contest with

my brother。〃 (〃Mémoires;〃 I。37)。



'33' Lafayette。   〃Mémoires;〃 III。   58。



'34' 〃Dict。   Phil。〃 article 〃Wheat。〃 … The most important work of

Quesnay is of the year 1758; 〃Tableau économique。〃



'35' D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 IV。   141; VI。   320; 465; VII。   23;

VIII。   153; (1752; 1753; 1754)。   … Rousseau's discourse on

Inequality belongs also to 1753。   On this steady march of opinion

consult the excellent work of d'Aubertin; 〃L'Esprit public au dix…

huitième siècle。〃



'36' This seems to be prophetic of the night of August 4; 1789。



'37' 〃Corresp。   de Laurette de Malboissière;〃 published by the

Marquise de la Grange。   (Sept。   4; 1762; November 8; 1762)。



'38' Madame du Deffant in a letter to Madame de Choiseul; (quoted

by Geffroy); 〃Gustave et la cour de France;〃 I。   279。



'39' Geffroy; ibid。   I。   232; 241; 245。



'40' Geffroy; ibid。   I。267; 281。   See letters by Madame de

Boufflers (October; 1772; July 1774)。



'41' Ibid。。   I。   285。   The letters of Mme。   de la March (1776;

1777; 1779)。



'42' A victim of religious rancor against the protestants; whose

cause; taken op by Voltaire; excited great indignation。… TR。



'43' Bachaumont; III。   14 (March 28; 1766。   Walpole; Oct。   6;

1775)。



'44' Geffloy; ibid。   (A letter by Mme Sta?l; 5776)。



'45' Collé; 〃Journal;〃 III。   437 (1770) : 〃Women have got the

upper hand with the French to such an extent; they have so subjugated

them; that they neither feel nor think except as they do。〃



'46' 〃Correspondance;〃 by Métra; III。   200; IV。   131。



'47' 〃Mémoires du Chancelier Pasquier; _Ed。  Plon Paris 1893; Vol。

I。  page26。



'48' De Vaublanc; 〃Souvenirs;〃 I。   117; 377。



'49' De Ségur; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。   17。



'50' Ibid。   I。   151。    〃I saw the entire Court at the theater in

the chateau at Versailles enthusiastically applaud Voltaire's tragedy

of 'Brutus;' and especially these lines:



Je suis fils de Brutus; et je porte en mon coeur

La liberté gravée et les rois en horreur。〃



'51' De Lauzun; 80 (in relation to his expedition into Corsica)。



'52' De Ségur; I。   87。



'53' The assemblies of Berry and Haute…Guyenne began in 1778 and

1779; those of other generalships in 1787。   All functioned until

1789。   (Cf。   Léonce de Lavergne; 〃Les Assemblées provinciales〃)。



'54' Léonce de Lavergne; ibid。   26; 55; 183。   The tax department

of the provincial assembly of Tours likewise makes its demands on the

privileged class in the matter of taxation。



'55' Procés…verbaux of the prov。   ass。   of Normandy; the

generalship of Alen?on; 252。    …  Cf。   Archives nationales; II;

1149: in 1778 in the generalship of Moulins; thirty…nine persons;

mostly nobles; supply from their own funds 18;950 livres to the 60;000

livres allowed by the king for roads and asylums。



'56' Archives nationales; procès…verbaux and registers of the

States…General; vol。   XLIX。   p。712; 714 (the nobles and clergy of

Dijon); vol。   XVI。   p。   183 (the nobles of Auxerre) vol。   XXIX。

pp。352; 455; 458 (the clergy and nobles of Berry); vol。   CL。   p。266

(the clergy and nobles of Tours); vol。   XXIX; the clergy and nobles

of Chateauroux; (January 29; 1789); pp。   572; 582。   vol。   XIII。

765 (the nobles of Autun)。   … See as a summary of the whole; the

〃Résumé des Cahiers〃 by Prud'homme; 3 vols。



'57' Prud'homme; ibid。。   II。   39; 51; 59。   De Lavergne; 384。

In 1788; two hundred gentlemen of the first families of Dauphiny sign;

conjointly with the clergy and the Third…Estate of the province; an

address to the king in which occurs the following passage: 〃Neither

time nor obligation legitimizes despotism; the rights of men derive

from nature alone and are independent of their engagements。〃



'58' Lacretelle; 〃Hist。   de France au dix…huitième siècle;〃 V。2。



'59' Procès…verbeaux of the prov。   ass。   of the Ile…de…France

(1787); p。127。



'60' De Lavergne; ibid。。   52; 369。



'61' 〃Le cri de la raison;〃 by Clerget; curé d'Onans (1789); p。258。



'62' Lucas de Montigny; 〃Mémoires de Mirabeau;〃 I。   290; 368。    …

Théron de Montaugé; 〃L'agriculture et les classes rurales dans le pays

Toulousain;〃 p。   14。



'63' 〃Foreigners generally could scarcely form an idea of the power

of public opinion at this time in France; they can with difficulty

comprehend the nature of that invisible power which commands even in

the king's palace。〃 (Necker; 1784; quoted by De Tocqueville)。



'64' Granier de Cassagnac; II。   236。    … M。 de Malesherbes;

according to custom; inspected the different state prisons; at the

beginning of the reign of Louis XVI。   〃He told me himself that he had

only released two。〃 (Senac de Meilhan; 〃Du gouvemement; des moeurs; et

des conditions en France。〃)。



'65' Archives nationales; II。   1418; 1149; F。   14; 2073。

(Assistance rendered to various suffering provinces and places。)



'66' Aubertin; p。484 (according to Bachaumont)。



'67' De Lavergne; 472。



'68' Mathieu Dumas; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。426。    …  Sir Samuel Romilly;

〃Mémoires;〃 I。   99。 〃Confidence increased even to extravagance;〃

(Mme。   de Genlis)。    …  On the 29th June; 1789; Necker said at the

council of the king at Marly; 〃What is more frivolous than the fears

now entertained concerning the organization of the assembly of the

States…General? No law can be passed without obtaining the king's

assent〃 (De Barentin; 〃Mémoires;〃 p。   187)。    …  Address of the

National Assembly to its constituents; October 2; 1789。   〃A great

revolution of which the idea should have appeared chimerical a few

months since has been effected amongst us。〃













   CHAPTER III。  THE MIDDLE CLASS。



   I。    THE PAST。



   The former spirit of the Third…Estate。  … Public matters concern

the king only。  …  Limits of the Jansenist and parliamentarian

opposition。



   The new philosophy; confined to a select circle; had long served

as a mere luxury for refined society。  Merchants; manufacturers;

shopkeepers; lawyers; attorneys; physicians; actors; professors;

curates; every description of functionary; employee and clerk; the

entire middle class; had been absorbed with its own cares。  The

horizon of each was limited; being that of the profession or

occupation which eac

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