the origins of contemporary france-1-第104章
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页,按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页,按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
————未阅读完?加入书签已便下次继续阅读!
1765; October 18th; 28th; and November 19th; 1766。
'19' 〃Journal et Mémoires de Collé;〃 published by H。 Bonhomme;
II。 24 (October; 1755); and III。165 (October 1767)。
'20' 〃Corresp。 littéraire;〃 by Grimm (September; October; 1770)。
'21' Mme。 De Genlis; 〃Adèle et Théodore;〃 I; 312。
'22' De Goncourt; 〃La femme au dix…huitième siècle;〃 371…373。 …
Bachaumont; I。 224 (April 13; 1763)。
'23' Mme。 de Genlis; 〃Adèle et Théodore;〃 II。 326。
'24' 〃Tableau de Paris;〃 III。44。
'25' Métra。 〃Correspondance secrète;〃 XVII。 387 (March 7;
1785)。
'26' De Goncourt; ibid。 456。 … Vicomtesse de Noailles; 〃Vie de
la Princesse de Poix;〃 formerly de Beauvau。
'27' The Abbé de Latteignaut; canon of Rheims; the author of some
light poetry and convivial songs; 〃has just composed for Nicolet's
theater a parade in which the intrigue is supported by a good many
broad jests; very much in the fashion at this time。 The courtiers
who give the tone to this theater think the canon of Rheims superb。〃
(Bachaumont; IV。 174; November; 1768)。
'28' Bachaumont; III。 253。 … Chateaubriand; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。
246。
'29' Champfort; 279。
'30' Merlin de Thionville; 〃Vie et correspondance;〃 by Jean
Raynaud。 (〃La Chartreuse du Val Saint…Pierre。〃 Read the entire
passage)。 … 〃Souvenirs Manuscrits;〃 by M … 。。
'31' Rivarol; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。 344。
'32' Mercier; IV。 142。 〃In Auvergne; says M。 de Montlosier; I
formed for myself a society of priests; men of wit; some of whom were
deists and others open atheists; with whom I carried on a contest with
my brother。〃 (〃Mémoires;〃 I。37)。
'33' Lafayette。 〃Mémoires;〃 III。 58。
'34' 〃Dict。 Phil。〃 article 〃Wheat。〃 … The most important work of
Quesnay is of the year 1758; 〃Tableau économique。〃
'35' D'Argenson; 〃Mémoires;〃 IV。 141; VI。 320; 465; VII。 23;
VIII。 153; (1752; 1753; 1754)。 … Rousseau's discourse on
Inequality belongs also to 1753。 On this steady march of opinion
consult the excellent work of d'Aubertin; 〃L'Esprit public au dix…
huitième siècle。〃
'36' This seems to be prophetic of the night of August 4; 1789。
'37' 〃Corresp。 de Laurette de Malboissière;〃 published by the
Marquise de la Grange。 (Sept。 4; 1762; November 8; 1762)。
'38' Madame du Deffant in a letter to Madame de Choiseul; (quoted
by Geffroy); 〃Gustave et la cour de France;〃 I。 279。
'39' Geffroy; ibid。 I。 232; 241; 245。
'40' Geffroy; ibid。 I。267; 281。 See letters by Madame de
Boufflers (October; 1772; July 1774)。
'41' Ibid。。 I。 285。 The letters of Mme。 de la March (1776;
1777; 1779)。
'42' A victim of religious rancor against the protestants; whose
cause; taken op by Voltaire; excited great indignation。… TR。
'43' Bachaumont; III。 14 (March 28; 1766。 Walpole; Oct。 6;
1775)。
'44' Geffloy; ibid。 (A letter by Mme Sta?l; 5776)。
'45' Collé; 〃Journal;〃 III。 437 (1770) : 〃Women have got the
upper hand with the French to such an extent; they have so subjugated
them; that they neither feel nor think except as they do。〃
'46' 〃Correspondance;〃 by Métra; III。 200; IV。 131。
'47' 〃Mémoires du Chancelier Pasquier; _Ed。 Plon Paris 1893; Vol。
I。 page26。
'48' De Vaublanc; 〃Souvenirs;〃 I。 117; 377。
'49' De Ségur; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。 17。
'50' Ibid。 I。 151。 〃I saw the entire Court at the theater in
the chateau at Versailles enthusiastically applaud Voltaire's tragedy
of 'Brutus;' and especially these lines:
Je suis fils de Brutus; et je porte en mon coeur
La liberté gravée et les rois en horreur。〃
'51' De Lauzun; 80 (in relation to his expedition into Corsica)。
'52' De Ségur; I。 87。
'53' The assemblies of Berry and Haute…Guyenne began in 1778 and
1779; those of other generalships in 1787。 All functioned until
1789。 (Cf。 Léonce de Lavergne; 〃Les Assemblées provinciales〃)。
'54' Léonce de Lavergne; ibid。 26; 55; 183。 The tax department
of the provincial assembly of Tours likewise makes its demands on the
privileged class in the matter of taxation。
'55' Procés…verbaux of the prov。 ass。 of Normandy; the
generalship of Alen?on; 252。 … Cf。 Archives nationales; II;
1149: in 1778 in the generalship of Moulins; thirty…nine persons;
mostly nobles; supply from their own funds 18;950 livres to the 60;000
livres allowed by the king for roads and asylums。
'56' Archives nationales; procès…verbaux and registers of the
States…General; vol。 XLIX。 p。712; 714 (the nobles and clergy of
Dijon); vol。 XVI。 p。 183 (the nobles of Auxerre) vol。 XXIX。
pp。352; 455; 458 (the clergy and nobles of Berry); vol。 CL。 p。266
(the clergy and nobles of Tours); vol。 XXIX; the clergy and nobles
of Chateauroux; (January 29; 1789); pp。 572; 582。 vol。 XIII。
765 (the nobles of Autun)。 … See as a summary of the whole; the
〃Résumé des Cahiers〃 by Prud'homme; 3 vols。
'57' Prud'homme; ibid。。 II。 39; 51; 59。 De Lavergne; 384。
In 1788; two hundred gentlemen of the first families of Dauphiny sign;
conjointly with the clergy and the Third…Estate of the province; an
address to the king in which occurs the following passage: 〃Neither
time nor obligation legitimizes despotism; the rights of men derive
from nature alone and are independent of their engagements。〃
'58' Lacretelle; 〃Hist。 de France au dix…huitième siècle;〃 V。2。
'59' Procès…verbeaux of the prov。 ass。 of the Ile…de…France
(1787); p。127。
'60' De Lavergne; ibid。。 52; 369。
'61' 〃Le cri de la raison;〃 by Clerget; curé d'Onans (1789); p。258。
'62' Lucas de Montigny; 〃Mémoires de Mirabeau;〃 I。 290; 368。 …
Théron de Montaugé; 〃L'agriculture et les classes rurales dans le pays
Toulousain;〃 p。 14。
'63' 〃Foreigners generally could scarcely form an idea of the power
of public opinion at this time in France; they can with difficulty
comprehend the nature of that invisible power which commands even in
the king's palace。〃 (Necker; 1784; quoted by De Tocqueville)。
'64' Granier de Cassagnac; II。 236。 … M。 de Malesherbes;
according to custom; inspected the different state prisons; at the
beginning of the reign of Louis XVI。 〃He told me himself that he had
only released two。〃 (Senac de Meilhan; 〃Du gouvemement; des moeurs; et
des conditions en France。〃)。
'65' Archives nationales; II。 1418; 1149; F。 14; 2073。
(Assistance rendered to various suffering provinces and places。)
'66' Aubertin; p。484 (according to Bachaumont)。
'67' De Lavergne; 472。
'68' Mathieu Dumas; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。426。 … Sir Samuel Romilly;
〃Mémoires;〃 I。 99。 〃Confidence increased even to extravagance;〃
(Mme。 de Genlis)。 … On the 29th June; 1789; Necker said at the
council of the king at Marly; 〃What is more frivolous than the fears
now entertained concerning the organization of the assembly of the
States…General? No law can be passed without obtaining the king's
assent〃 (De Barentin; 〃Mémoires;〃 p。 187)。 … Address of the
National Assembly to its constituents; October 2; 1789。 〃A great
revolution of which the idea should have appeared chimerical a few
months since has been effected amongst us。〃
CHAPTER III。 THE MIDDLE CLASS。
I。 THE PAST。
The former spirit of the Third…Estate。 … Public matters concern
the king only。 … Limits of the Jansenist and parliamentarian
opposition。
The new philosophy; confined to a select circle; had long served
as a mere luxury for refined society。 Merchants; manufacturers;
shopkeepers; lawyers; attorneys; physicians; actors; professors;
curates; every description of functionary; employee and clerk; the
entire middle class; had been absorbed with its own cares。 The
horizon of each was limited; being that of the profession or
occupation which eac