the origins of contemporary france-1-第103章
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since both have reason for a common basis。〃 The nobles of Rheims
demand 〃that the king be entreated to order the demolition of the
Bastille。〃 Frequently; after such expressions and with such a yielding
disposition; the delegates of the nobles and clergy are greeted in the
assemblies of the 'Third…Estate with the clapping of hands; 〃tears〃
and enthusiasm。 On witnessing such effusions how can one avoid
believing in concord? And how can one foresee strife at the first turn
of the road on which they have just fraternally entered hand in hand?
Wisdom of this melancholy stamp is not theirs。 They set out with
the principle that man; and especially the man of the people; is good;
why conjecture that he may desire evil for those who wish him well?
They are conscientious in their benevolence and sympathy for him。
Not only do they utter these sentiments but they give them proof。
〃At this moment;〃 says a contemporary;'58' 〃the most active pity
animates all breasts; the great dread of the opulent is to appear
insensible。〃 The archbishop of Paris; subsequently followed and
stoned; is the donator of 100;000 crowns to the hospital of the H?tel…
Dieu。 The intendant Berthier; who is to be massacred; draws up the
new assessment…roll of the Ile…de…France; equalizing the taille; which
act allows him to abate the rate; at first; an eighth; and next; a
quarter'59'。 The financier Beaujon constructs a hospital。 Necker
refuses the salary of his place and lends the treasury two millions to
re…establish public credit。 The Duc de Charost; from 1770'60' down;
abolishes seigniorial corvées on his domain and founds a hospital in
his seigniory of Meillant。 The Prince de Beaufremont; the presidents
de Vezet; de Chamolles; de Chaillot; with many seigniors beside in
Franche…Comté; follow the example of the king in emancipating their
serfs'61'。 The bishop of Saint…Claude demands; in spite of his
chapter; the enfranchisement of his mainmorts。 The Marquis de
Mirabeau establishes on his domain in Limousin a gratuitous bureau for
the settlement of lawsuits; while daily; at Fleury; he causes nine
hundred pounds of cheap bread to be made for the use of 〃the poor
people; who fight to see who shall have it。〃'62' M。 de Barral; bishop
of Castres; directs his curates to preach and to diffuse the
cultivation of potatoes。 The Marquis de Guerchy himself mounts on
the top of a pile of hay with Arthur Young to learn how to construct a
hay…stack。 The Marquis de Lasteyrie imports lithography into France。
A number of grand seigniors and prelates figure in the agricultural
societies; compose or translate useful books; familiarize themselves
with the applications of science; study political economy; inform
themselves about industries; and interest themselves; either as
amateurs or promoters; in every public amelioration。 〃 Never;〃 says
Lacretelle again; 〃were the French so combined together to combat the
evils to which nature makes us pay tribute; and those which in a
thousand ways creep into all social institutions。〃 Can it be admitted
that so many good intentions thus operating together are to end in
destruction? … All take courage; government as well as the higher
class; in the thought of the good accomplished; or which they desire
to accomplish。 The king remembers that he has restored civil rights
to the Protestants; abolished preliminary torture; suppressed the
corvée in kind; established the free circulation of grains; instituted
provincial assemblies; built up the marine; assisted the Americans;
emancipated his own serfs; diminished the expenses of his household;
employed Malesherbes; Turgot and Necker; given full play to the press;
and listened to public opinion'63'。 No government displayed greater
mildness; on the 14th of July; 1789; only seven prisoners were
confined in the Bastille; of whom one was an idiot; another kept there
by his family; and four under the charge of counterfeiting'64'。 No
sovereign was more humane; more charitable; more preoccupied with the
unfortunate。 In 1784; the year of inundations and epidemics; he
renders assistance to the amount of three millions。 Appeals are made
to him direct; even for personal accidents。 On the 8th of June;
1785; he sends two hundred livres to the wife of a Breton laboring…man
who; already having two children; brings three at once into the
world'65'。 During a severe winter he allows the poor daily to invade
his kitchen。 It is quite probable that; next to Turgot; he is the
man of his day who loved the people most。 His delegates under
him conform to his views; I have read countless letters by intendants
who try to appear as little Turgots。 〃One builds a hospital; another
admits artisans at his table;〃'66' a certain individual undertakes the
draining of a marsh。 M。 de la Tour; in Provence; is so beneficent
during a period of forty years that the Tiers…Etat vote him a gold
medal in spite of himself'67'。 A governor delivers a course of
lectures on economical bread…making。 … What possible danger is
there for shepherds of this kind amidst their flocks? On the king
convoking the States…General nobody had 〃any suspicion;〃 nor fear of
the future。 〃A new State constitution is spoken of as an easy
performance; and as a matter of course。〃'68' … 〃The best and most
virtuous men see in this the beginning of a new era of happiness for
France and for the whole civilized world。 The ambitious rejoice in
the broad field open to their desires。 But it would have been
impossible to find the most morose; the most timid; the most
enthusiastic of men anticipating any one of the extraordinary events
towards which the assembled states were drifting。〃
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Notes:
'1' Macaulay。
'2' Stendhal; 〃Rome; Naples et Florence;〃 371。
'3' Morellet; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。 139 (on the writings and
conversations of Diderot; d;Holbach and the atheists)。 〃At that
time; in this philosophy; all seemed innocent enough; it being
confined to the limits of speculation; and never seeking; even in its
boldest flights; anything beyond a calm intellectual exercise。
'4' 〃L'Homme aux quarante écus。〃 Cf。 Voltaire; 〃Mémoires;〃 the
suppers given by Frederick II。 〃Never in any place in the world was
there greater freedom of conversation concerning the superstitions of
mankind。
'5' Morellet; Mémoires;〃 I。 133。
'6' Galiani; 〃Correspondance; passim。
'7' Bachaumont; III。 93 (1766); II。 202 (1765)。
'8' Geffroy; 〃Gustave III。;〃 I。 114。
'9' Villemain; 〃Tableau de la Litterature au dix…huitième siècle;〃
IV。 409。
'10' Grimm; 〃corresp。 littéraire;〃 IV。 176。 De Ségur;
〃Mémoires;〃 I。 113。
'11' 〃Princesse de Babylone。〃 … Cf。 〃le Mondain。〃
'12' Here we may have an important motive for the socialist attitudes
towards sexual morality as it was during the activie nineteen
seventies until the unexpected appearance of AIDS put an abrupt end to
the proceedings。 (SR。)
'13' Mme。 d'Epinay; ed。 Boiteau; I。 216: at a supper given by
Mlle。 Quinault; the comedian; at which are present Saint…Lambert;
the Prince de 。 。 。 。 ; Duclos and Mme。 d'Epinay。
'14' For example; the father of Marmant; a military gentleman; who;
having won the cross of St。 Louis at twenty…eight; abandons the
service because he finds that promotion is only for people of the
court。 In retirement on his estates he is a liberal; teaching his
son to read the reports made by Necker。 (Marshal Marmont;
〃Mémoires;〃 I。 9)。
'15' Aubertin; 〃L'Esprit public;〃 in the 18th century; p。 7。
'16' Montesquieu; 〃Lettres Persanes;〃 (Letter 61)。 … Cf。
Voltaire; (〃D?ner du Comte de Boulainvilliers〃)。
'17' Aubertin; pp。 281; 282; 285; 289。
'18' Horace Walpole; 〃Letters and Correspondence;〃 Sept。 27th;
1765; October 18th; 28th; and November