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the origins of contemporary france-1-第103章

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since both have reason for a common basis。〃 The nobles of Rheims

demand 〃that the king be entreated to order the demolition of the

Bastille。〃 Frequently; after such expressions and with such a yielding

disposition; the delegates of the nobles and clergy are greeted in the

assemblies of the 'Third…Estate with the clapping of hands; 〃tears〃

and enthusiasm。   On witnessing such effusions how can one avoid

believing in concord? And how can one foresee strife at the first turn

of the road on which they have just fraternally entered hand in hand?



Wisdom of this melancholy stamp is not theirs。   They set out with

the principle that man; and especially the man of the people; is good;

why conjecture that he may desire evil for those who wish him well?

They are conscientious in their benevolence and sympathy for him。

Not only do they utter these sentiments but they give them proof。

〃At this moment;〃 says a contemporary;'58' 〃the most active pity

animates all breasts; the great dread of the opulent is to appear

insensible。〃 The archbishop of Paris; subsequently followed and

stoned; is the donator of 100;000 crowns to the hospital of the H?tel…

Dieu。   The intendant Berthier; who is to be massacred; draws up the

new assessment…roll of the Ile…de…France; equalizing the taille; which

act allows him to abate the rate; at first; an eighth; and next; a

quarter'59'。   The financier Beaujon constructs a hospital。   Necker

refuses the salary of his place and lends the treasury two millions to

re…establish public credit。   The Duc de Charost; from 1770'60' down;

abolishes seigniorial corvées on his domain and founds a hospital in

his seigniory of Meillant。   The Prince de Beaufremont; the presidents

de Vezet; de Chamolles; de Chaillot; with many seigniors beside in

Franche…Comté; follow the example of the king in emancipating their

serfs'61'。   The bishop of Saint…Claude demands; in spite of his

chapter; the enfranchisement of his mainmorts。   The Marquis de

Mirabeau establishes on his domain in Limousin a gratuitous bureau for

the settlement of lawsuits; while daily; at Fleury; he causes nine

hundred pounds of cheap bread to be made for the use of 〃the poor

people; who fight to see who shall have it。〃'62' M。 de Barral; bishop

of Castres; directs his curates to preach and to diffuse the

cultivation of potatoes。   The Marquis de Guerchy himself mounts on

the top of a pile of hay with Arthur Young to learn how to construct a

hay…stack。   The Marquis de Lasteyrie imports lithography into France。

A number of grand seigniors and prelates figure in the agricultural

societies; compose or translate useful books; familiarize themselves

with the applications of science; study political economy; inform

themselves about industries; and interest themselves; either as

amateurs or promoters; in every public amelioration。   〃 Never;〃 says

Lacretelle again; 〃were the French so combined together to combat the

evils to which nature makes us pay tribute; and those which in a

thousand ways creep into all social institutions。〃 Can it be admitted

that so many good intentions thus operating together are to end in

destruction?  …  All take courage; government as well as the higher

class; in the thought of the good accomplished; or which they desire

to accomplish。   The king remembers that he has restored civil rights

to the Protestants; abolished preliminary torture; suppressed the

corvée in kind; established the free circulation of grains; instituted

provincial assemblies; built up the marine; assisted the Americans;

emancipated his own serfs; diminished the expenses of his household;

employed Malesherbes; Turgot and Necker; given full play to the press;

and listened to public opinion'63'。   No government displayed greater

mildness; on the 14th of July; 1789; only seven prisoners were

confined in the Bastille; of whom one was an idiot; another kept there

by his family; and four under the charge of counterfeiting'64'。   No

sovereign was more humane; more charitable; more preoccupied with the

unfortunate。   In 1784; the year of inundations and epidemics; he

renders assistance to the amount of three millions。   Appeals are made

to him direct; even for personal accidents。   On the 8th of June;

1785; he sends two hundred livres to the wife of a Breton laboring…man

who; already having two children; brings three at once into the

world'65'。   During a severe winter he allows the poor daily to invade

his kitchen。   It is quite probable that; next to Turgot; he is the

man of his day who loved the people most。     His delegates under

him conform to his views; I have read countless letters by intendants

who try to appear as little Turgots。   〃One builds a hospital; another

admits artisans at his table;〃'66' a certain individual undertakes the

draining of a marsh。  M。 de la Tour; in Provence; is so beneficent

during a period of forty years that the Tiers…Etat vote him a gold

medal in spite of himself'67'。   A governor delivers a course of

lectures on economical bread…making。    …  What possible danger is

there for shepherds of this kind amidst their flocks? On the king

convoking the States…General nobody had 〃any suspicion;〃 nor fear of

the future。   〃A new State constitution is spoken of as an easy

performance; and as a matter of course。〃'68'   …   〃The best and most

virtuous men see in this the beginning of a new era of happiness for

France and for the whole civilized world。   The ambitious rejoice in

the broad field open to their desires。   But it would have been

impossible to find the most morose; the most timid; the most

enthusiastic of men anticipating any one of the extraordinary events

towards which the assembled states were drifting。〃



____________________________________________________________



Notes:



'1' Macaulay。



'2' Stendhal; 〃Rome; Naples et Florence;〃 371。



'3' Morellet; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。   139 (on the writings and

conversations of Diderot; d;Holbach and the atheists)。   〃At that

time; in this philosophy; all seemed innocent enough; it being

confined to the limits of speculation; and never seeking; even in its

boldest flights; anything beyond a calm intellectual exercise。



'4' 〃L'Homme aux quarante écus。〃 Cf。   Voltaire; 〃Mémoires;〃 the

suppers given by Frederick II。   〃Never in any place in the world was

there greater freedom of conversation concerning the superstitions of

mankind。



'5' Morellet; Mémoires;〃 I。   133。



'6' Galiani; 〃Correspondance; passim。



'7' Bachaumont; III。   93 (1766); II。   202 (1765)。



'8' Geffroy; 〃Gustave III。;〃 I。   114。



'9' Villemain; 〃Tableau de la Litterature au dix…huitième siècle;〃

IV。   409。



'10' Grimm; 〃corresp。   littéraire;〃 IV。   176。   De Ségur;

〃Mémoires;〃 I。   113。



'11' 〃Princesse de Babylone。〃 … Cf。   〃le Mondain。〃



'12' Here we may have an important motive for the socialist attitudes

towards sexual morality as it was during the activie nineteen

seventies until the unexpected appearance of AIDS put an abrupt end to

the proceedings。   (SR。)



'13' Mme。   d'Epinay; ed。   Boiteau; I。   216: at a supper given by

Mlle。   Quinault; the comedian; at which are present Saint…Lambert;

the Prince de 。   。   。   。   ; Duclos and Mme。   d'Epinay。



'14' For example; the father of Marmant; a military gentleman; who;

having won the cross of St。   Louis at twenty…eight; abandons the

service because he finds that promotion is only for people of the

court。   In retirement on his estates he is a liberal; teaching his

son to read the reports made by Necker。   (Marshal Marmont;

〃Mémoires;〃 I。   9)。



'15' Aubertin; 〃L'Esprit public;〃 in the 18th century; p。   7。



'16' Montesquieu; 〃Lettres Persanes;〃 (Letter 61)。    …  Cf。

Voltaire; (〃D?ner du Comte de Boulainvilliers〃)。



'17' Aubertin; pp。   281; 282; 285; 289。



'18' Horace Walpole; 〃Letters and Correspondence;〃 Sept。   27th;

1765; October 18th; 28th; and November

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