science of logic-第66章

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communication　of　the　Notion　and　does　not　as　yet　contain　otherness；　and　in　it　the　activity　empties
itself　of　its　negativity。　However；　this　immediacy　of　the　relation　is　for　that　reason　itself　a　mediation；
for　it　is　the　negative　relation　of　the　Notion　to　the　object；　but　a　relation　that　annuls　itself；　thereby
making　itself　simple　and　identical。　This　reflection…into…self　is　only　subjective；　because　in　its
mediation　the　difference　is　present　still　only　in　the　form　of　the　presupposed　implicit　difference；　as
difference　of　the　object　within　itself。　The　determination；　therefore；　brought　about　by　this　relation；
is　the　form　of　simple　identity；　of　abstract　universality。　Accordingly；　analytic　cognition　has　in
general　this　identity　for　its　principle；　and　transition　into　an　other；　the　connection　of　different　terms；
is　excluded　from　itself　and　from　its　activity。　

If　we　look　now　more　closely　at　analytic　cognition；　we　see　that　it　starts　from　a　presupposed；　and
therefore　individual；　concrete　subject　matter；　this　may　be　an　object　already　complete　in　itself　for
ordinary　thought；　or　it　may　be　a　problem；　that　is　to　say；　given　only　in　its　circumstances　and
conditions；　but　not　yet　disengaged　from　them　and　presented　on　its　own　account　in　simple
self…subsistence。　Now　the　analysis　of　this　subject　matter　cannot　consist　in　its　being　merely
resolved　into　the　particular　picture　thoughts　which　it　may　contain；　such　a　resolution　and　the
apprehension　of　such　picture　thoughts　is　a　business　that　would　not　belong　to　cognition；　but　would
merely　be　a　matter　of　a　closer　acquaintance；　a　determination　within　the　sphere　of
picture…thinking。　Since　analysis　is　based　on　the　Notion；　its　products　are　essentially
Notion…determinations；　and　that　too　as　determinations　immediately　contained　in　the　subject
matter。　

We　have　seen　from　the　nature　of　the　Idea　of　cognition；　that　the　activity　of　the　subjective　Notion
must　be　regarded　from　one　side　merely　as　the　explication　of　what　is　already　in　the　object；
because　the　object　itself　is　nothing　but　the　totality　of　the　Notion。　It　is　just　as　one…sided　to　represent
analysis　as　though　there　were　nothing　in　the　subject　matter　that　was　not　imported　into　it；　as　it　is
one…sided　to　suppose　that　the　resulting　determinations　are　merely　extracted　from　it。　The　former
view；　as　everyone　knows；　is　enunciated　by　subjective　idealism；　which　takes　the　activity　of
cognition　in　analysis　to　be　merely　a　one…sided　positing；　beyond　which　the　thing…in…itself　remains
concealed；　the　other　view　belongs　to　so…called　realism　which　apprehends　the　subjective　Notion　as
an　empty　Identity　that　receives　the　thought　determinations　into　itself　from　outside。　Analytic
cognition；　the　transformation　of　the　given　material　into　logical　determinations；　has　shown　itself　to　be
two　things　in　one：　a　positing　that　no　less　immediately　determines　itself　as　a　presupposing。
Consequently；　by　virtue　of　the　latter；　the　logical　element　may　appear　as　something　already
complete　in　the　object；　just　as　by　virtue　of　the　former　it　may　appear　as　the　product　of　a　merely
subjective　activity。　But　the　two　moments　are　not　to　be　separated；　the　logical　element　in　its　abstract
form　into　which　analysis　raises　it；　is　of　course　only　to　be　found　in　cognition；　while　conversely　it　is
something　not　merely　posited；　but　possessing　being　in　itself。　

Now　since　analytic　cognition　is　the　transformation　indicated　above；　it　does　not　pass　through　any
further　middle　term；　the　determination　is　in　so　far　immediate　and　has　just　this　meaning；　to　be
peculiar　to　the　object　and　in　itself　to　belong　to　it；　and　therefore　to　be　apprehended　from　it　without
any　subjective　mediation。　But　further；　cognition　is　supposed　also　to　be　a　progress；　an　explication
of　differences。　But　because；　in　accordance　with　the　determination　it　has　here；　it　is　Notion…less　and
undialectical；　it　possesses　only　a　given　difference；　and　its　progress　takes　place　solely　in　the
determinations　of　the　material。　It　seems　to　have　an　immanent　progress　only　in　so　far　as　the
derived　thought　determinations　can　be　analysed　afresh；　in　so　far　as　they　are　a　concrete；　the　highest
and　ultimate　point　of　this　process　of　analysis　is　the　abstract　highest　essence；　or　abstract　subjective
identity　…　and　over　against　it；　diversity。　

This　progress　is；　however；　nothing　but　the　mere　repetition　of　the　one　original　act　of　analysis；
namely；　the　fresh　determination　as　a　concrete；　of　what　has　already　been　taken　up　into　the　abstract
form　of　the　Notion；　this　is　followed　by　the　analysis　of　it；　then　by　the　determination　afresh　as　a
concrete　of　the　abstract　that　emerges　from　it；　and　so　forth。　But　the　thought　determinations　seem
also　to　contain　a　transition　within　themselves。　If　the　object　is　determined　as　a　whole；　then　of　course
one　advances　from　this　to　the　other　determination　of　part；　from　cause　to　the　other　determination
of　effect；　and　so　on。　But　here　this　is　no　advance；　since　whole　and　part；　cause　and　effect；　are
relationships　and　moreover；　for　this　formal　cognition；　relationships　complete　in　themselves　such
that　in　them　one　determination　is　already　found　essentially　linked　to　the　other。　The　subject　matter
that　has　been　determined　as　cause　or　as　part　is　ipso　facto　determined　by　the　whole　relationship；
that　is；　determined　already　by　both　sides　of　it。　Although　the　relationship　is　in　itself　something
synthetic；　yet　for　analytic　cognition　this　connection　is　as　much　a　mere　datum　as　any　other
connection　of　its　material　and　therefore　is　not　relevant　to　its　own　peculiar　business。　Whether　a
connection　of　this　kind　be　otherwise　determined　as　a　priori　or　a　posteriori　is　here　a　matter　of
indifference；　for　it　is　apprehended　as　something　found　already　there；　or；　as　it　has　also　been
described；　as　a　fact　of　consciousness　that　with　the　determination　whole　is　linked　the　determination
part；　and　so　forth。　While　Kant　has　made　the　profound　observation　that　there　are　synthetic　a
priori　principles　and　has　recognised　their　root　in　the　unity　of　self…consciousness　and　therefore　in
the　identity　of　the　Notion　with　itself；　yet　he　adopts　the　specific　connection；　the　concepts　of　relation
and　the　synthetic　principles　themselves　from　formal　logic　as　given；　their　justification　should　have
been　the　exposition　of　the　transition　of　that　simple　unity　of　self…consciousness　into　these　its
determinations　and　distinctions；　but　Kant　spared　himself　the　trouble　of　demonstrating　this　genuinely
synthetic　progress　…　the　self…producing　Notion。　


“Analytical　Science”

（b）　Synthetic　Cognition　

Analytic　cognition　is　the　first　premise　of　the　whole　syllogism　…　the　immediate　relation　of　the　Notion
to　the　object；　identity；　therefore；　is　the　determination　which　it　recognises　as　its　own；　and　analytic
cognition　is　merely　the　apprehension　of　what　is。　Synthetic　cognition　aims　at　the　comprehension
of　what　is；　that　is；　at　grasping　the　multiplicity　of　determinations　in　their　unity。　It　is　therefore　the
second　premise　of　the　syllogism　in　which　the　diverse　as　such　is　related。　Hence　its　aim　is　in　general
necessity。　The　different　terms　which　are　connected；　are　on　the　one　hand　connected　in　a　relation；
in　this　relation　they　are　related　and　at　the　same　time　mutually　indifferent　and　self…subsistent；　but　on
the　other　hand；　they　are　linked　together　in　the　Notion　which　is　their　simple　yet　determinate　unity。
Now　synthetic　cognition　passes　over；　in　the　first　instance；　from　abstract　identity　to　relation；　or
from　being　to　reflection；　and　so　far　it　is　not　the　absolute　reflection　of　the　Notion　that　the　Notion
cognises　in　its　subject　matter。　The　reality　it　gives　itself　is　the　next　stage；　namely；　the　stated　identity
of　the　different　terms　as　such；　an　identity　therefore　that　is　at　the　same　time　still　inner　and　only
necessity；　not　the　subjective　identity　that　is　for　itself；　hence　not　yet　the　Notion　as　such。　Synthetic
cognition；　therefore；　has　indeed　the　Notion　determinations　for　its　content；　and　the　object　is　posited
in　them；　but　they　only　stand　in　relation　to　one　another；　or　are　in　immediate　unity；　and　just　for　that
reason；　not　in　the　unity　by　which　the　Notion　exists　as　subject。

This　constitutes　the　finitude　of　this　cognition；　because　this　real　side　of　the　Idea　in　it　still　possesses
identity