science of logic-第43章

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of　the　judgment　to　the　Notion。

As　regards　the　further　determination　of　the　subject　and　predicate；　we　have　remarked　that　it　is
really　in　the　judgment　first　that　they　have　to　receive　their　determination。　Since　the　judgment　is　the
posited　determinateness　of　the　Notion；　this　determinateness　possesses　the　said　differences
immediately　and　abstractly　as　individuality　and　universality。　But　in　so　far　as　the　judgment　is　in
general　the　determinate　being　or　otherness　of　the　Notion　which　has　not　yet　restored　itself　to　the
unity　whereby　it　is　as　Notion；　there　emerges　also…the　determinateness　which　is　notionless；　the
opposition　of　being　and　reflection　or　the　in…itself。　But　since　the　Notion　constitutes　the　essential
ground　of　the　judgment；　these　determinations　are　at　least　indifferent　to　the　extent　that　when　one
belongs　to　the　subject　and　the　other　to　the　predicate；　the　converse　relationship　equally　holds　good。
The　subject　as　the　individual　appears；　in　the　first　instance；　as　that　which　simply　is　or　is　for　itself
in　accordance　with　the　specific　determinateness　of　the　individual…as　an　actual　object；　even　though
it　be　only　an　object　in　representational　thought…as　for　example　bravery；　right；　agreement；　etc。…on
which　judgment　is　being　made。　The　predicate；　on　the　other　hand；　as　the　universal；　appears　as
this　reflection　on　the　object；　or　rather　as　the　object's　reflection　into　itself；　which　goes　beyond　that
immediacy　and　sublates　the　determinatenesses　in　their　form　of　mere　being；　that　is；　it　is　the　object's
in…itself。　In　this　way；　one　starts　from　the　individual　as　the　first；　the　immediate；　and　it　is　raised　by
the　judgment　into　universality；　just　as；　conversely；　the　universal　that　is　only　in　itself　descends　in
the　individual　into　determinate　being　or　becomes　a　being　that　is　for　itself。

This　signification　of　the　judgment　is　to　be　taken　as　its　objective　meaning；　and　at　the　same　time　as
the　truth　of　the　earlier　forms　of　the　transition。　In　the　sphere　of　being；　the　object　becomes　and
others　itself；　the　finite　perishes　or　goes　under　in　the　infinite；　in　the　sphere　of　Existence；　the　object
issues　from　its　ground　into　Appearance　and　falls　to　the　ground；　the　accident　manifests　the
wealth　of　substance　as　well　as　its　power；　in　being；　there　is　transition　into　an　other；　in　essence；
reflected　being　in　an　other　by　which　the　necessary　relation　is　revealed。　This　movement　of
transition　and　reflection　has　now　passed　over　into　the　original　partition　of　the　Notion　which；
while　bringing　back　the　individual　to　the　in…itself　of　its　universality；　equally　determines　the　universal
as　something　actual　These　two　acts　are　one　and　the　same　process　in　which　individuality　is　posited
in　its　reflection…into…self；　and　the　universal　as　determinate。

But　now　this　objective　signification　equally　implies　that　the　said　differences；　in　reappearing　in　the
determinateness　of　the　Notion；　are　at　the　same　time　posited　only　as　Appearances；　that　is；　that
they　are　not　anything　fixed；　but　apply　just　as　much　to　the　one　Notion　determination　as　to　the　other。
The　subject　is；　therefore；　just　as　much　to　be　taken　as　the　in…itself；　and　the　predicate；　on　the　other
hand；　as　determinate　being。　The　subject　without　predicate　is　what　the　thing　without　qualities；
the　thing…in…itself　is　in　the　sphere　of　Appearance　　an　empty；　indeterminate　ground；　as　such；　it　is
the　Notion　enclosed　within　itself；　which　only　receives　a　differentiation　and　determinateness　in　the
predicate；　the　predicate　therefore　constitutes　the　side　of　the　determinate　being　of　the　subject。
Through　this　determinate　universality　the　subject　stands　in　relation　to　an　externality；　is　open　to　the
influence　of　other　things　and　thereby　becomes　actively　opposed　to　them。　What　is　there　comes
forth　from　its　being…within…self　and　enters　into　the　universal　element　of　connection　and
relationship；　into　the　negative　connections　and　the　interplay　of　actuality；　which　is　a　continuation　of
the　individual　into　other　individuals　and　therefore　universality。

The　identity　just　demonstrated；　namely；　that　the　determination　of　the　subject　equally　applies　to　the
predicate　and　vice　versa；　is　not；　however；　something　only　for　us；　it　is　not　merely　in　itself；　but　is
also　posited　in　the　judgment；　for　the　judgment　is　the　connection　of　the　two；　the　copula　expresses
that　the　subject　is　the　predicate。　The　subject　is　the　specific　determinateness；　and　the　predicate　is
this　posited　determinateness　of　the　subject；　the　subject　is　determined　only　in　its　predicate；　or；　only
in　the　predicate　is　it　a　subject；　in　the　predicate　it　has　returned　into　itself　and　is　therein　the　universal。
Now　in　so　far　as　the　subject　is　the　self…subsistent；　this　identity　has　the　relationship　that　the
predicate　does　not　possess　a　self…subsistence　of　its　own；　but　has　its　subsistence　only　in　the
subject；　it　inheres　in　the　subject。　Since　the　predicate　is　thus　distinct　from　the　subject；　it　is　only　an
isolated　determinateness　of　the　latter；　only　one　of　its　properties；　while　the　subject　itself　is　the
concrete；　the　totality　of　manifold　determinatenesses；　just　as　the　predicate　contains　one；　it　is　the
universal。

But　on…the　other　hand　the　predicate；　too；　is　a　self…subsistent　universality　and　the　subject；
conversely；　only　a　determination　of　it。　Looked　at　this　way；　the　predicate　subsumes　the　subject；
individuality　and　particularity　are　not　for　themselves；　but　have　their　essence　and　substance　in　the
universal。　The　predicate　expresses　the　subject　in　its　Notion；　the　individual　and　the　particular　are
contingent　determinations　in　the　subject；　it　is　their　absolute　possibility。　When　in　the　case　of
subsumption　one　thinks　of　an　external　connection　of　subject　and　predicate　and　the　subject　is
conceived　of　as　a　self…subsistent　something；　the　subsumption　refers　to　the　subjective　act　of
judgment　above…mentioned　in　which　one　starts　from　the　self…subsistence　of　both　subject　and
predicate。　From　this　standpoint　subsumption　is　only　the　application　of　the　universal　to　a　particular
or　an　individual；　which　is　placed　under　the　universal　in　accordance　with　a　vague　idea　that　it　is　of
inferior　quality。

When　the　identity　of　subject　and　predicate　are　so　taken　that　at　one　time　one　Notion
determination　applies　to　the　former　and　the　other　to　the　latter；　and　at　another　time　the　converse
equally　holds　good；　then　the　identity　is　as　yet　still　only　an　implicit　one；　on　account　of　the
self…subsistent　diversity　of　the　two　sides　of　the　judgment；　their　posited　unity　also　has　these　two
sides；　in　the　first　instance　as　different。　But　differenceless　identity　really　constitutes　the　true　relation
of　the　subject　to　the　predicate。　The　Notion　determination　is　itself　essentially　relation　for　it　is　a
universal；　therefore　the　same　determinations　possessed　by　the　subject　and　predicate　are　also
possessed　by　their　relation　itself。　The　relation　is　universal；　for　it　is　the　positive　identity　of　the　two；
of　subject　and　predicate；　but　it　is　also　determinate；　for　the　determinateness　of　the　predicate　is　that
of　the　subject；　further；　it　is　also　individual；　for　in　it　the　self…subsistent　extremes　are　sublated　as　in
their　negative　unity。　However；　in　the　judgment　this　identity　is　not　as　yet　posited；　the　copula　is
present　as　the　still　indeterminate　relation　of　being　as　such：　A　is　B；　for　in　the　judgment；　the
elf…subsistence　of　the　Notion　determinatenesses　or　the　extremes；　is　the　reality　which　the　Notion
has　within　it。　If　the　is　of　the　copula　were　already　posited　as　the　above　determinate　and　pregnant
unity　of　subject　and　predicate；　as　their　Notion；　it　would　already　be　the　syllogism。

To　restore　this　identity　of　the　Notion；　or　rather　to　posit　it；　is　the　goal　of　the　movement　of　the
judgment。　What　is　already　present　in　the　judgment　is；　on　the　one　hand；　the　self…subsistence　of
subject　and　predicate；　but　also　their　mutually　opposed　determinateness；　and　on　the　other　hand
their　none　the　less　abstract　relation。　What　the　judgment　enunciates　to　start　with　is　that　the　subject
is　the　predicate；　but　since　the　predicate　is　supposed　not　to　be　what　the　subject　is；　we　are　faced
with　a　contradiction　which　must　resolve　itself；　pass　over　into　a　result。　Or　rather；　since　subject
and　predicate　are　in　and　for　themselves　the　totality　of　the　N