science of logic-第32章

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it　is　abstract　it　is；　on　the　contrary　mediated；　and　therefore　if　it　is　to　be　grasped　in　its　truth　its
foundation　must　first　be　sought。　Hence　this　foundation；　though　indeed　an　immediate；　must　have
made　itself　immediate　through　the　sublation　of　mediation。　

From　this　aspect　the　Notion　is　to　be　regarded　in　the　first　instance　simply　as　the　third　to　being　and
essence；　to　the　immediate　and　to　reflection。　Being　and　essence　are　so　far　the　moments　of　its
becoming；　but　it　is　their　foundation　and　truth　as　the　identity　in　which　they　are　submerged　and
contained。　They　are　contained　in　it　because　it　is　their　result；　but　no　longer　as　being　and　essence。
That　determination　they　possess　only　in　so　far　as　they　have　not　withdrawn　into　this　their　unity。
　

Objective　logic　therefore；　which　treats　of　being　and　essence　constitutes　properly　the　genetic
exposition　of　the　Notion。　More　precisely；　substance　is　already　real　essence；　or　essence　in　so
far　as　it　is　united　with　being　and　has　entered　into　actuality。　Consequently；　the　Notion　has
substance　for　its　immediate　presupposition；　what　is　implicit　in　substance　is　manifested　in　the
Notion。　Thus　the　dialectical　movement　of　substance　through　causality　and　reciprocity　is　the
immediate　genesis　of　the　Notion；　the　exposition　of　the　process　of　its　becoming。　But　the
significance　of　its　becoming；　as　of　every　becoming　is　that　it　is　the　reflection　of　the　transient　into　its
ground　and　that　the　at　first　apparent　other　into　which　the　former　has　passed　constitutes　its　truth。
Accordingly　the　Notion　is　the　truth　of　substance；　and　since　substance　has　necessity　for　its　specific
mode　of　relationship；　freedom　reveals　itself　as　the　truth　of　necessity　and　as　the　mode　of
relationship　proper　to　the　Notion。　

The　progressive　determination　of　substance　necessitated　by　its　own　nature；　is　the　positing　of　what
is　in　and　for　itself。　Now　the　Notion　is　that　absolute　unity　of　being　and　reflection　in　which　being　is
in　and　for　itself　only　in　so　far　as　it　is　no　less　reflection　or　positedness；　and　positedness　is　no　less
being　that　is　in　and　for　itself。　This　abstract　result　is　elucidated　by　the　exposition　of　its　concrete
genesis；　that　exposition　contains　the　nature　of　the　Notion　whose　treatment　it　must　have　preceded。
The　chief　moments　of　this　exposition　（which　has　been　given　in　detail　in　the　Second　Book　of　the
Objective　Logic）　can　therefore　only　be　briefly　summarised　here。　

Substance　is　the　absolute；　the　actuality　that　is　in　and　for　itself　in　itself　as　the　simple　identity　of
possibility　and　actuality；　absolute　essence　containing　all　actuality　and　possibility　within　itself；　and
for　itself；　being　this　identity　as　absolute　power　or　purely　self…related　negativity。　The　movement　of
substantiality　posited　by　these　moments　consists　in　the　following　stages：　

1。　Substance；　as　absolute　power　or　self…related　negativity；　differentiates　itself　into　a　relationship　in
which　what　were　at　first　only　simple　moments　are　substances　and　original　presuppositions。　Their
specific　relationship　is　that　of　a　passive　substance；　of　the　original　immediacy　of　the　simple
inwardness　or　in…itself　which；　powerless　to　posit　itself；　is　only　an　original　positedness　and　of　an
active　substance；　the　self…related　negativity　which　as　such　has　posited　itself　in　the　form　of　an　other
and　relates　itself　to　this　other。　This　other　is　simply　the　passive　substance　which　the　active
substance　through　its　own　originative　power　has　presupposed　for　itself　as　condition。　This
presupposing　is　to　be　understood　in　the　sense　that　the　movement　of　substance　itself　is；　in　the　first
instance；　under　the　form　of　one　of　the　moments　of　its　Notion；　the　in…itself；　and　the
determinateness　of　one　of　the　substances　standing　in　relationship　is　also　the　determinateness　of
this　relationship　itself。　

2。　The　other　moment　is　being…for…self；　which　means　that　the　power　posits　itself　as　self…related
negativity；　thereby　sublating　again　what　was　presupposed。　The　active　substance　is　the　cause；　it
acts；　that　is；　it　now　posits；　whereas　previously　it　only　presupposed；　so　that　（a）　to　the　power　is
now　added　the　illusory　show　of　power；　to　the　positedness　the　illusory　show　of　positedness。
What　in　the　presupposition　was　original；　becomes　in　causality；　through　the　relation　to　an　other；
what　it　is　in　itself；　the　cause　produces　an　effect；　and　that；　too；　in　another　substance；　it　is　now
power　in　relation　to　an　other　and　thus　appears　as　a　cause；　but　is　a　cause　only　in　virtue　of　this
appearing。　（b）　The　effect　enters　the　passive　substance；　whereby　it　now　also　appears　as　a
positedness；　but　is　a　passive　substance　only　as　such　positedness。　

3。　But　there　is　still　more　present　in　this　than　only　this　appearance；　namely：　（a）　the　cause　acts　on
the　passive　substance　and　alters　its　determination；　but　this　is　positedness；　there　is　nothing　else　in　it
to　alter；　the　other　determination；　however；　that　it　receives　is　causality；　the　passive　substance
therefore　becomes　cause；　power　and　activity：　（b）　the　effect　is　posited　in　it　by　the　cause；　but　that
which　is　posited　by　the　cause　is　the　cause　itself　which；　in　acting；　is　identical　with　itself；　it　is　this　that
puts　itself　in　the　place　of　the　passive　substance。　Similarly；　with　regard　to　the　active　substance；　（a）
the　action　is　the　translation　of　the　cause　into　the　effect；　into　the　other　of　the　cause；　into　positedness；
and　（b）　the　cause　reveals　itself　in　the　effect　as　what　it　is；　the　effect　is　identical　with　the　cause；　is　not
an　other…；　thus　the　cause　in　acting　reveals　the　posited　being　as　that　which　the　cause　essentially　is。
Each　side；　therefore；　in　both　its　identical　and　negative　relation　to　the　other　becomes　the　opposite
of　itself；　so　that　the　other；　and　therefore　also　each；　remains　identical　with　itself。　But　the　identical
and　the　negative　relations　are　both　one　and　the　same；　substance　is　self…identical　only　in　its　opposite
and　this　constitutes　the　absolute　identity　of　the　substances　posited　as　a　duality。　Active　substance；
through　the　act　of　positing　itself　as　the　opposite　of　itself；　an　act　which　is　at　the　same　time　the
sublating　of　its　presupposed　otherness；　of　passive　substance；　is　manifested　as　cause　or　originative
substantiality。　Conversely；　through　being　acted　on；　posited　being　is　manifested　as　posited；　the
negative　as　negative；　and　therefore　passive　substance　as　self…related　negativity；　the　cause　meeting
in　this　other　simply　and　solely　with　its　own　self。　Through　this　positing；　then；　the　presupposed　or
implicit　originativeness　becomes　explicit　or　for　itself；　yet　this　being　that　is　in　and　for　itself　is　such
only　in　so　far　as　this　positing　is　equally　a　sublating　of　what　was　presupposed；　in　other　words
absolute　substance　has　returned　to　itself　and　so　become　absolute；　only　out　of　and　in　its
positedness。　Hence　this　reciprocity　is　the　appearance　that　again　sublates　itself；　the　revelation　that
the　illusory　being　of　causality　in　which　the　cause　appears　as　cause；　is　illusory　being。　This　infinite
reflection…into…self；　namely；　that　being　is　in　and　for　itself　only　in　so　far　as　it　is　posited；　is　the
consummation　of　substance。　But　this　consummation　is　no　longer　substance　itself　but　something
higher；　the　Notion；　the　subject。　The　transition　of　the　relation　of　substantiality　takes　place　through
its　own　immanent　necessity　and　is　nothing　more　than　the　manifestation　of　itself；　that　the　Notion　is
its　truth；　and　that　freedom　is　the　truth　of　necessity。　

I　have　already　mentioned　in　the　Second　Book　of　the　Objective　Logic　that　the　philosophy　which
adopts　the　standpoint　of　substance　and　stops　there　is　the　system　of　Spinoza。　I　also　indicated　there
the　defect　of　that　system　alike　as　to　form　and　to　matter。　But　the　refutation　of　the　system　is　another
matter。　With　respect　to　the　refutation　of　a　philosophical　system　I　have　elsewhere　also　made　the
general　observation　that　one　must　get　rid　of　the　erroneous　idea　of　regarding　the　system　as　out　and
out　false；　as　if　the　true　system　by　contrast　were　only　opposed　to　the　false。　The　context　itself　in
which　Spinoza's　system　here　finds　mention　provides　the　true　standpoint　of　the　system　and　the
question　whether　it　is　true　or　false。　The　relation　of　substance　resulted　from　the　nature　of　essence；
this　relation　and　its　e