science of logic-第31章

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Thirdly；　the　reflection　of　relative　necessity　into　itself　yields　absolute　necessity；　which　is　absolute
possibility　and　actuality。

A　Contingency；　or　Formal　Actuality；　Possibility　and　Necessity

B　Relative　Necessity；　or　Real　Actuality；　Possibility　and　Necessity

C　Absolute　Necessity

Chapter　3　The　Absolute　Relation

A　The　Relation　of　Substantiality

B　The　Relation　of　Causality

　　　　　（a）　Formal　Causality

　　　　　（b）　The　Determinate　Relation　of　Causality

　　　　　（c）　Action　and　Reaction

C　Reciprocity

In　finite　causality　it　is　substances　that　are　actively　related　to　each　other。　Mechanism　consists　in
this　externality　of　causality；　where　the　reflection　of　the　cause　into　itself　in　its　effect　is　at　the　same
time　a　repelling　being；　or　where；　in　the　self…identity　which　the　causal　substance　has　in　its　effect；
the　cause　equally　remains　something　immediately　external　to　it；　and　the　effect　has　passed　over
into　another　substance。　Now；　in　reciprocity　this　mechanism　is　sublated；　for　it　contains　first　the
vanishing　of　that　original　persistence　of　the　immediate　substantiality；　and　secondly　the
coming…to…be　of　the　cause；　and　hence　originativeness　as　self…mediating　through　its　negation。

At　first；　reciprocity　displays　itself　as　a　reciprocal　causality　of　presupposed；　self…conditioned
substances；　each　is　alike　active　arid　passive　substance　in　relation　to　the　other。　Since　the　two；
then；　are　both　passive　and　active；　any　distinction　between　them　has　already　been　sublated；　the
difference　is　only　a　completely　transparent　semblance；　they　are　substances　only　inasmuch　as　they
are　the　identity　of　the　active　and　the　passive。　Reciprocity　itself　is　therefore　still　only　an　empty　mode
of　representing　this；　all　that　is　still　required　is　merely　an　external　bringing　together　of　what　is　already
both　in　itself　and　posited。　First　of　all；　it　is　no　longer　substrates　but　substances　that　stand　in
relation　to　each　other；　in　the　movement　of　conditioned　causality；　the　still　remaining　presupposed
immediacy　has　been　sublated；　and　the　conditioning　factor　of　the　causal　activity　is　still　only　the
passivity　of　being　acted　upon；　or　the　passivity　of　the　cause　itself。　But　further；　this　'being　acted
upon'　does　not　originate　in　another　causal　substance；　but　simply　from　a　causality　which　is
conditioned　by　being　acted　upon；　or　is　a　mediated　causality。　Consequently；　this　initially　external
moment　which　attaches　to　cause　and　constitutes　the　side　of　its　passivity；　is　mediated　by　itself；　is
produced　by　its　own　activity；　and　is　thus　the　passivity　posited　by　its　own　activity。　Causality　is
conditioned　and　conditioning；　the　conditioning　side　is　passive；　but　the　conditioned　side　equally　is
passive。　This　conditioning　or　passivity　is　the　negation　of　cause　by　the　cause　itself；　in　that　it
essentially　converts　itself　into　effect　and　precisely　through　this　is　cause。　Reciprocity　is；　therefore；
only　causality　itself；　cause　not　only　has　an　effect；　but　in　the　effect　it　stands；　as　cause；　in　relation　to
itself。

Causality　has　hereby　returned　to　its　absolute　Notion；　and　at　the　same　time　has　attained　to　the
Notion　itself。　At　first；　it　is　real　necessity；　absolute　identity　with　itself；　so　that　the　difference　of
necessity　and　the　related　determinations　in　it　are　substances；　free　actualities；　over　against　one
another。　Necessity　is；　in　this　way；　inner　identity；　causality　is　the　manifestation　of　this；　in　which　its
illusory　show　of　substantial　otherness　has　sublated　itself　and　necessity　is　raised　to　freedom。

In　reciprocity；　originative　causality　displays　itself　as　an　arising　from　its　negation；　from　passivity；
and　as　a　passing　away　into　the　same；　as　a　becoming；　but　in　such　a　manner　that　at　the　same　time
this　becoming　is　equally　only　illusory；　the　transition　into　an　other　is　a　reflection　into　itself；　the
negation；　which　is　ground　of　the　cause；　is　its　positive　union　with　itself。

In　reciprocity；　therefore；　necessity　and　causality　have　vanished；　they　contain　both；　immediate
identity　as　connection　and　relation；　and　the　absolute　substantiality　of　the　different　sides；
hence　the　absolute　contingency　of　them；；　the　original　unity　of　substantial　difference；　and
therefore　absolute　contradiction。　Necessity　is　being；　because　it　is…the　unity　of　being　with　itself　that
has　itself　for　ground；　but　conversely；　because　it　has　a　ground　it　is　not　being；　it　is　an　altogether
illusory　being；　relation　or　mediation。　Causality　is　this　posited　transition　of　originative　being；　of
cause；　into　illusory　being　or　mere　positedness；　and　conversely；　of　positedness　into　originativeness；
but　the　identity　itself　of　being　and　illusory　being　is　still　an　inner　necessity。

This　inwardness　or　this　in…itself；　sublates　the　movement　of　causality；　with　the　result　that　the
substantiality　of　the　sides　standing　in　relation　is　lost；　and　necessity　unveils　itself。　Necessity　does　not
become　freedom　by　vanishing；　but　only　because　its　still　inner　identity　is　manifested；　a
manifestation　which　is　the　identical。　movement　of　the　different　sides　within　themselves；　the
reflection　of　the　illusory　being　as　illusory　being　into　itself。


Conversely；　at　the　same　time；　contingency　becomes　freedom；　for　the　sides　of　necessity；　which
have　the　shape　of　independent；　free　actualities　not　reflecting　themselves　in　one　another；　are　now
posited　as　an　identity；　so　that　these　totalities　of　reflection…into…self　in　their　difference　are　now　also
reflected　as　identical；　or　are　posited　as　only　one　and　the　same　reflection。

Absolute　substance；　which　as　absolute　form　distinguishes　itself　from　itself；　therefore　no　longer
repels　itself　as　necessity　from　itself；　nor；　as　contingency；　does　it　fall　asunder　into　indifferent；
self…external　substances；　on　the　contrary；　it　differentiates　itself；　on　the　one　hand；　into　the　totality　…
heretofore　passive　substance　…　which　is　originative　as　reflection　out　of　the　determinateness　into
itself；　as　a　simple　whole；　which　contains　within　itself　its　positedness　and　is　posited　as
self…identical　therein…the　universal；　on　the　other　hand；　it　differentiates　itself　into　the　totality　…
heretofore　causal　substance　…　into　the　reflection　equally　out　of　the　determinateness　into　itself　to　a
negative　determinateness　which；　as　thus　the　self…identical　determinateness　is　likewise　posited　as
the　whole；　but　as　self…identical　negativity…the　individual。　But　because　the　universal　is
self…identical　only　in　that　it　contains　the　determinateness　within　itself　as　sublated；　and　therefore
the　negative　as　negative；　it　is　immediately　the　same　negativity　which　individuality　is；　and
individuality；　because　it　is　equally　the　determinate　determinate；　the　negative　as　negative；　is
immediately　the　same　identity　which　universality　is。　This　their　simple　identity　is　particularity；
which　contains　in　immediate　unity　the　moment　of　determinateness　of　the　individual　and　the
moment　of　reflection…into…self　of　the　universal。　These　three　totalities　are；　therefore；　one　and　the
same　reflection；　which；　as　negative　self…relation；　differentiates　itself　into　these　two；　but　into　a
perfectly　transparent　difference；　namely；　into　a　determinate　simplicity　or　simple
determinateness　which　is　their　one　and　the　same　identity。

This　is　the　Notion；　the　realm　of　subjectivity　or　of　freedom。　




SUBJECTIVE　LOGIC
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　or

　　　　　　　　　　　THE　DOCTRINE　OF　THE　NOTION
　　　　　　　　THE　NOTION　IN　GENERAL


What　the　nature　of　the　Notion　is；　can　no　more　be　stated　offhand　than　can　the　Notion　of　any
other　object。　It　might　perhaps　seem　that；　in　order　to　state　the　Notion　of　an　object；　the　logical
element　were　presupposed　and　that　therefore　this　could　not　in　turn　have　something　else　for　its
presupposition；　nor　be　deduced；　just　as　in　geometry　logical　propositions　as　applied　to　magnitude
and　employed　in　that　science；　are　premised　in　the　form　of　axioms；　determinations　of　cognition　that
have　not　been　and　cannot　be　deduced。　Now　although　it　is　true　that　the　Notion　is　to　be　regarded；
not　merely　as　a　subjective　presupposition　but　as　the　absolute　foundation；　yet　it　can　be　so　only　in
so　far　as　it　has　made　itself　the　foundation。　Abstract　immediacy　is　no　doubt　a　first；　yet　in　so　far　as
it　is　abstract　it　is；　on　the　contrary　mediated；　and　th