philebus-第14章
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than a great pleasure or a great amount of pleasure of another kind。
Pro。 Assuredly; and the instance you have given is quite sufficient。
Soc。 But what do you say of another question:…have we not heard that
pleasure is always a generation; and has no true being? Do not certain
ingenious philosophers teach this doctrine; and ought not we to be
grateful to them?
Pro。 What do they mean?
Soc。 I will explain to you; my dear Protarchus; what they mean; by
putting a question。
Pro。 Ask; and I will answer。
Soc。 I assume that there are two natures; one self…existent; and the
other ever in want of something。
Pro。 What manner of natures are they?
Soc。 The one majestic ever; the other inferior。
Pro。 You speak riddles。
Soc。 You have seen loves good and fair; and also brave lovers of
them。
Pro。 I should think so。
Soc。 Search the universe for two terms which are like these two
and are present everywhere。
Pro。 Yet a third time I must say; Be a little plainer; Socrates。
Soc。 There is no difficulty; Protarchus; the argument is only in
play; and insinuates that some things are for the sake of something
else (relatives); and that other things are the ends to which the
former class subserve (absolutes)。
Pro。 Your many repetitions make me slow to understand。
Soc。 As the argument proceeds; my boy; I dare say that the meaning
will become clearer。
Pro。 Very likely。
Soc。 Here are two new principles。
Pro。 What are they?
Soc。 One is the generation of all things; and the other is essence。
Pro。 I readily accept from you both generation and essence。
Soc。 Very right; and would you say that generation is for the sake
of essence; or essence for the sake of generation?
Pro。 You want to know whether that which is called essence is;
properly speaking; for the sake of generation?
Soc。 Yes。
Pro。 By the gods; I wish that you would repeat your question。
Soc。 I mean; O my Protarchus; to ask whether you would tell me
that ship…building is for the sake of ships; or ships for the sake
of ship…building? and in all similar cases I should ask the same
question。
Pro。 Why do you not answer yourself; Socrates?
Soc。 I have no objection; but you must take your part。
Pro。 Certainly。
Soc。 My answer is; that all things instrumental; remedial; material;
are given to us with a view to generation; and that each generation is
relative to; or for the sake of; some being or essence; and that the
whole of generation is relative to the whole of essence。
Pro。 Assuredly。
Soc。 Then pleasure; being a generation; must surely be for the
sake of some essence?
Pro。 True。
Soc。 And that for the sake of which something else is done must be
placed in the class of good; and that which is done for the sake of
something else; in some other class; my good friend。
Pro。 Most certainly。
Soc。 Then pleasure; being a generation; will be rightly placed in
some other class than that of good?
Pro。 Quite right。
Soc。 Then; as I said at first; we ought to be very grateful to him
who first pointed out that pleasure was a generation only; and had
no true being at all; for he is clearly one who laughs at the notion
of pleasure being a good。
Pro。 Assuredly。
Soc。 And he would surely laugh also at those who make generation
their highest end。
Pro。 Of whom are you speaking; and what do they mean?
Soc。 I am speaking of those who when they are cured of hunger or
thirst or any other defect by some process of generation are delighted
at the process as if it were pleasure; and they say that they would
not wish to live without these and other feelings of a like kind which
might be mentioned。
Pro。 That is certainly what they appear to think。
Soc。 And is not destruction universally admitted to be the
opposite of generation?
Pro。 Certainly。
Soc。 Then he who chooses thus; would choose generation and
destruction rather than that third sort of life; in which; as we
were saying; was neither pleasure nor pain; but only the purest
possible thought。
Pro。 He who would make us believe pleasure to be a good is
involved in great absurdities; Socrates。
Soc。 Great; indeed; and there is yet another of them。
Pro。 What is it?
Soc。 Is there not an absurdity in arguing that there is nothing good
or noble in the body; or in anything else; but that good is in the
soul only; and that the only good of the soul is pleasure; and that
courage or temperance or understanding; or any other good of the soul;
is not really a good?…and is there not yet a further absurdity in
our being compelled to say that he who has a feeling of pain and not
of pleasure is bad at the time when he is suffering pain; even
though he be the best of men; and again; that he who has a feeling
of pleasure; in so far as he is pleased at the time when he is
pleased; in that degree excels in virtue?
Pro。 Nothing; Socrates; can be more irrational than all this。
Soc。 And now; having subjected pleasure to every sort of test; let
us not appear to be too sparing of mind and knowledge: let us ring
their metal bravely; and see if there be unsoundness in any part;
until we have found out what in them is of the purest nature; and then
the truest elements both of pleasure and knowledge may be brought up
for judgment。
Pro。 Right。
Soc。 Knowledge has two parts…the one productive; and the other
educational?
Pro。 True。
Soc。 And in the productive or handicraft arts; is not one part
more akin to knowledge; and the other less; and may not the one part
be regarded as the pure; and the other as the impure?
Pro。 Certainly。
Soc。 Let us separate the superior or dominant elements in each of
them。
Pro。 What are they; and how do you separate them?
Soc。 I mean to say; that if arithmetic; mensuration; and weighing be
taken away from any art; that which remains will not be much。
Pro。 Not much; certainly。
Soc。 The rest will be only conjecture; and the better use of the
senses which is given by experience and practice; in addition to a
certain power of guessing; which is commonly called art; and is
perfected by attention and pains。
Pro。 Nothing more; assuredly。
Soc。 Music; for instance; is full of this empiricism; for sounds are
harmonized; not by measure; but by skilful conjecture; the music of
the flute is always trying to guess the pitch of each vibrating
note; and is therefore mixed up with much that is doubtful and has
little which is certain。
Pro。 Most true。
Soc。 And the same will be found to hold good of medicine and
husbandry and piloting and generalship。
Pro。 Very true。
Soc。 The art of the builder; on the other hand; which uses a
number of measures and instruments; attains by their help to a greater
degree of accuracy than the other arts。
Pro。 How is that?
Soc。 In ship…building and house…building; and in other branches of
the art of carpentering; the builder has his rule; lathe; compass;
line; and a most ingenious machine for straightening wood。
Pro。 Very true; Socrates。
Soc。 Then now let us divide the arts of which we were speaking
into two kinds…the arts which; like music; are less exact in their
results; and those which; like carpentering; are more exact。
Pro。 Let us make that division。
Soc。 Of the latter class; the most exact of all are those which we
just now spoke of as primary。
Pro。 I see that you mean arithmetic; and the kindred arts of
weighing and measuring。
Soc。 Certainly; Protarchus; but are not these also distinguishable
into two kinds?
Pro。 What are the two kinds?
Soc。 In the first place; arithmetic is of two kinds;