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第14章

philebus-第14章

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than a great pleasure or a great amount of pleasure of another kind。



  Pro。 Assuredly; and the instance you have given is quite sufficient。



  Soc。 But what do you say of another question:…have we not heard that



pleasure is always a generation; and has no true being? Do not certain



ingenious philosophers teach this doctrine; and ought not we to be



grateful to them?



  Pro。 What do they mean?



  Soc。 I will explain to you; my dear Protarchus; what they mean; by



putting a question。



  Pro。 Ask; and I will answer。



  Soc。 I assume that there are two natures; one self…existent; and the



other ever in want of something。



  Pro。 What manner of natures are they?



  Soc。 The one majestic ever; the other inferior。



  Pro。 You speak riddles。



  Soc。 You have seen loves good and fair; and also brave lovers of



them。



  Pro。 I should think so。



  Soc。 Search the universe for two terms which are like these two



and are present everywhere。



  Pro。 Yet a third time I must say; Be a little plainer; Socrates。



  Soc。 There is no difficulty; Protarchus; the argument is only in



play; and insinuates that some things are for the sake of something



else (relatives); and that other things are the ends to which the



former class subserve (absolutes)。



  Pro。 Your many repetitions make me slow to understand。



  Soc。 As the argument proceeds; my boy; I dare say that the meaning



will become clearer。



  Pro。 Very likely。



  Soc。 Here are two new principles。



  Pro。 What are they?



  Soc。 One is the generation of all things; and the other is essence。



  Pro。 I readily accept from you both generation and essence。



  Soc。 Very right; and would you say that generation is for the sake



of essence; or essence for the sake of generation?



  Pro。 You want to know whether that which is called essence is;



properly speaking; for the sake of generation?



  Soc。 Yes。



  Pro。 By the gods; I wish that you would repeat your question。



  Soc。 I mean; O my Protarchus; to ask whether you would tell me



that ship…building is for the sake of ships; or ships for the sake



of ship…building? and in all similar cases I should ask the same



question。



  Pro。 Why do you not answer yourself; Socrates?



  Soc。 I have no objection; but you must take your part。



  Pro。 Certainly。



  Soc。 My answer is; that all things instrumental; remedial; material;



are given to us with a view to generation; and that each generation is



relative to; or for the sake of; some being or essence; and that the



whole of generation is relative to the whole of essence。



  Pro。 Assuredly。



  Soc。 Then pleasure; being a generation; must surely be for the



sake of some essence?



  Pro。 True。



  Soc。 And that for the sake of which something else is done must be



placed in the class of good; and that which is done for the sake of



something else; in some other class; my good friend。



  Pro。 Most certainly。



  Soc。 Then pleasure; being a generation; will be rightly placed in



some other class than that of good?



  Pro。 Quite right。



  Soc。 Then; as I said at first; we ought to be very grateful to him



who first pointed out that pleasure was a generation only; and had



no true being at all; for he is clearly one who laughs at the notion



of pleasure being a good。



  Pro。 Assuredly。



  Soc。 And he would surely laugh also at those who make generation



their highest end。



  Pro。 Of whom are you speaking; and what do they mean?



  Soc。 I am speaking of those who when they are cured of hunger or



thirst or any other defect by some process of generation are delighted



at the process as if it were pleasure; and they say that they would



not wish to live without these and other feelings of a like kind which



might be mentioned。



  Pro。 That is certainly what they appear to think。



  Soc。 And is not destruction universally admitted to be the



opposite of generation?



  Pro。 Certainly。



  Soc。 Then he who chooses thus; would choose generation and



destruction rather than that third sort of life; in which; as we



were saying; was neither pleasure nor pain; but only the purest



possible thought。



  Pro。 He who would make us believe pleasure to be a good is



involved in great absurdities; Socrates。



  Soc。 Great; indeed; and there is yet another of them。



  Pro。 What is it?



  Soc。 Is there not an absurdity in arguing that there is nothing good



or noble in the body; or in anything else; but that good is in the



soul only; and that the only good of the soul is pleasure; and that



courage or temperance or understanding; or any other good of the soul;



is not really a good?…and is there not yet a further absurdity in



our being compelled to say that he who has a feeling of pain and not



of pleasure is bad at the time when he is suffering pain; even



though he be the best of men; and again; that he who has a feeling



of pleasure; in so far as he is pleased at the time when he is



pleased; in that degree excels in virtue?



  Pro。 Nothing; Socrates; can be more irrational than all this。



  Soc。 And now; having subjected pleasure to every sort of test; let



us not appear to be too sparing of mind and knowledge: let us ring



their metal bravely; and see if there be unsoundness in any part;



until we have found out what in them is of the purest nature; and then



the truest elements both of pleasure and knowledge may be brought up



for judgment。



  Pro。 Right。



  Soc。 Knowledge has two parts…the one productive; and the other



educational?



  Pro。 True。



  Soc。 And in the productive or handicraft arts; is not one part



more akin to knowledge; and the other less; and may not the one part



be regarded as the pure; and the other as the impure?



  Pro。 Certainly。



  Soc。 Let us separate the superior or dominant elements in each of



them。



  Pro。 What are they; and how do you separate them?



  Soc。 I mean to say; that if arithmetic; mensuration; and weighing be



taken away from any art; that which remains will not be much。



  Pro。 Not much; certainly。



  Soc。 The rest will be only conjecture; and the better use of the



senses which is given by experience and practice; in addition to a



certain power of guessing; which is commonly called art; and is



perfected by attention and pains。



  Pro。 Nothing more; assuredly。



  Soc。 Music; for instance; is full of this empiricism; for sounds are



harmonized; not by measure; but by skilful conjecture; the music of



the flute is always trying to guess the pitch of each vibrating



note; and is therefore mixed up with much that is doubtful and has



little which is certain。



  Pro。 Most true。



  Soc。 And the same will be found to hold good of medicine and



husbandry and piloting and generalship。



  Pro。 Very true。



  Soc。 The art of the builder; on the other hand; which uses a



number of measures and instruments; attains by their help to a greater



degree of accuracy than the other arts。



  Pro。 How is that?



  Soc。 In ship…building and house…building; and in other branches of



the art of carpentering; the builder has his rule; lathe; compass;



line; and a most ingenious machine for straightening wood。



  Pro。 Very true; Socrates。



  Soc。 Then now let us divide the arts of which we were speaking



into two kinds…the arts which; like music; are less exact in their



results; and those which; like carpentering; are more exact。



  Pro。 Let us make that division。



  Soc。 Of the latter class; the most exact of all are those which we



just now spoke of as primary。



  Pro。 I see that you mean arithmetic; and the kindred arts of



weighing and measuring。



  Soc。 Certainly; Protarchus; but are not these also distinguishable



into two kinds?



  Pro。 What are the two kinds?



  Soc。 In the first place; arithmetic is of two kinds;

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