concerning civil government-第13章

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naturally　belonged　to　the　husband；　and　were　necessary　to　the　society

between　man　and　wife；　there　could　be　no　matrimony　in　any　of　these

countries　where　the　husband　is　allowed　no　such　absolute　authority。　But

the　ends　of　matrimony　requiring　no　such　power　in　the　husband；　it　was

not　at　all　necessary　to　it。　The　condition　of　conjugal　society　put　it

not　in　him；　but　whatsoever　might　consist　with　procreation　and

support　of　the　children　till　they　could　shift　for　themselves…　mutual

assistance；　comfort；　and　maintenance…　might　be　varied　and　regulated　by

that　contract　which　first　united　them　in　that　society；　nothing　being

necessary　to　any　society　that　is　not　necessary　to　the　ends　for　which

it　is　made。

　　84。　The　society　betwixt　parents　and　children；　and　the　distinct

rights　and　powers　belonging　respectively　to　them；　I　have　treated　of　so

largely　in　the　foregoing　chapter　that　I　shall　not　here　need　to　say

anything　of　it；　and　I　think　it　is　plain　that　it　is　far　different

from　a　politic　society。

　　85。　Master　and　servant　are　names　as　old　as　history；　but　given　to

those　of　far　different　condition；　for　a　free　man　makes　himself　a

servant　to　another　by　selling　him　for　a　certain　time　the　service　he

undertakes　to　do　in　exchange　for　wages　he　is　to　receive；　and　though

this　commonly　puts　him　into　the　family　of　his　master；　and　under　the

ordinary　discipline　thereof；　yet　it　gives　the　master　but　a　temporary

power　over　him；　and　no　greater　than　what　is　contained　in　the

contract　between　them。　But　there　is　another　sort　of　servant　which　by　a

peculiar　name　we　call　slaves；　who　being　captives　taken　in　a　just　war

are；　by　the　right　of　Nature；　subjected　to　the　absolute　dominion　and

arbitrary　power　of　their　masters。　These　men　having；　as　I　say；

forfeited　their　lives　and；　with　it；　their　liberties；　and　lost　their

estates；　and　being　in　the　state　of　slavery；　not　capable　of　any

property；　cannot　in　that　state　be　considered　as　any　part　of　civil

society；　the　chief　end　whereof　is　the　preservation　of　property。

　　86。　Let　us　therefore　consider　a　master　of　a　family　with　all　these

subordinate　relations　of　wife；　children；　servants　and　slaves；　united

under　the　domestic　rule　of　a　family；　with　what　resemblance　soever　it

may　have　in　its　order；　offices；　and　number　too；　with　a　little

commonwealth；　yet　is　very　far　from　it　both　in　its　constitution；　power；

and　end；　or　if　it　must　be　thought　a　monarchy；　and　the　paterfamilias

the　absolute　monarch　in　it；　absolute　monarchy　will　have　but　a　very

shattered　and　short　power；　when　it　is　plain　by　what　has　been　said

before；　that　the　master　of　the　family　has　a　very　distinct　and

differently　limited　power　both　as　to　time　and　extent　over　those

several　persons　that　are　in　it；　for　excepting　the　slave　（and　the

family　is　as　much　a　family；　and　his　power　as　paterfamilias　as　great；

whether　there　be　any　slaves　in　his　family　or　no）　he　has　no　legislative

power　of　life　and　death　over　any　of　them；　and　none　too　but　what　a

mistress　of　a　family　may　have　as　well　as　he。　And　he　certainly　can　have

no　absolute　power　over　the　whole　family　who　has　but　a　very　limited　one

over　every　individual　in　it。　But　how　a　family；　or　any　other　society　of

men；　differ　from　that　which　is　properly　political　society；　we　shall

best　see　by　considering　wherein　political　society　itself　consists。

　　87。　Man　being　born；　as　has　been　proved；　with　a　title　to　perfect

freedom　and　an　uncontrolled　enjoyment　of　all　the　rights　and　privileges

of　the　law　of　Nature；　equally　with　any　other　man；　or　number　of　men

in　the　world；　hath　by　nature　a　power　not　only　to　preserve　his

property…　that　is；　his　life；　liberty；　and　estate；　against　the　injuries

and　attempts　of　other　men；　but　to　judge　of　and　punish　the　breaches

of　that　law　in　others；　as　he　is　persuaded　the　offence　deserves；　even

with　death　itself；　in　crimes　where　the　heinousness　of　the　fact；　in　his

opinion；　requires　it。　But　because　no　political　society　can　be；　nor

subsist；　without　having　in　itself　the　power　to　preserve　the

property；　and　in　order　thereunto　punish　the　offences　of　all　those　of

that　society；　there；　and　there　only；　is　political　society　where

every　one　of　the　members　hath　quitted　this　natural　power；　resigned

it　up　into　the　hands　of　the　community　in　all　cases　that　exclude　him

not　from　appealing　for　protection　to　the　law　established　by　it。　And

thus　all　private　judgment　of　every　particular　member　being　excluded；

the　community　comes　to　be　umpire；　and　by　understanding　indifferent

rules　and　men　authorised　by　the　community　for　their　execution；　decides

all　the　differences　that　may　happen　between　any　members　of　that

society　concerning　any　matter　of　right；　and　punishes　those　offences

which　any　member　hath　committed　against　the　society　with　such

penalties　as　the　law　has　established；　whereby　it　is　easy　to　discern

who　are；　and　are　not；　in　political　society　together。　Those　who　are

united　into　one　body；　and　have　a　common　established　law　and　judicature

to　appeal　to；　with　authority　to　decide　controversies　between　them

and　punish　offenders；　are　in　civil　society　one　with　another；　but　those

who　have　no　such　common　appeal；　I　mean　on　earth；　are　still　in　the

state　of　Nature；　each　being　where　there　is　no　other；　judge　for　himself

and　executioner；　which　is；　as　I　have　before　showed　it；　the　perfect

state　of　Nature。

　　88。　And　thus　the　commonwealth　comes　by　a　power　to　set　down　what

punishment　shall　belong　to　the　several　transgressions　they　think

worthy　of　it；　committed　amongst　the　members　of　that　society　（which

is　the　power　of　making　laws）；　as　well　as　it　has　the　power　to　punish

any　injury　done　unto　any　of　its　members　by　any　one　that　is　not　of　it

（which　is　the　power　of　war　and　peace）；　and　all　this　for　the

preservation　of　the　property　of　all　the　members　of　that　society；　as

far　as　is　possible。　But　though　every　man　entered　into　society　has

quitted　his　power　to　punish　offences　against　the　law　of　Nature　in

prosecution　of　his　own　private　judgment；　yet　with　the　judgment　of

offences　which　he　has　given　up　to　the　legislative；　in　all　cases

where　he　can　appeal　to　the　magistrate；　he　has　given　up　a　right　to

the　commonwealth　to　employ　his　force　for　the　execution　of　the

judgments　of　the　commonwealth　whenever　he　shall　be　called　to　it；

which；　indeed；　are　his　own　judgements；　they　being　made　by　himself　or

his　representative。　And　herein　we　have　the　original　of　the　legislative

and　executive　power　of　civil　society；　which　is　to　judge　by　standing

laws　how　far　offences　are　to　be　punished　when　committed　within　the

commonwealth；　and　also　by　occasional　judgments　founded　on　the

present　circumstances　of　the　fact；　how　far　injuries　from　without　are

to　be　vindicated；　and　in　both　these　to　employ　all　the　force　of　all　the

members　when　there　shall　be　need。

　　89。　Wherever；　therefore；　any　number　of　men　so　unite　into　one　society

as　to　quit　every　one　his　executive　power　of　the　law　of　Nature；　and

to　resign　it　to　the　public；　there　and　there　only　is　a　political　or

civil　society。　And　this　is　done　wherever　any　number　of　men；　in　the

state　of　Nature；　enter　into　society　to　make　one　people　one　body

politic　under　one　supreme　government：　or　else　when　any　one　joins

himself　to；　and　incorporates　with　any　government　already　made。　For

hereby　he　authorises　the　society；　or　which　is　all　one；　the　legislative

thereof；　to　make　laws　for　him　as　the　public　good　of　the　society

shall　require；　to　the　execution　whereof　his　own　assistance　（as　to

his　own　decrees）　is　due。　And　this　puts　men　out　of　a　state　of　Nature

into　that　of　a　commonwealth；　by　setting　up　a　judge　on　earth　with

authority　to　determine　all　the　controversies　and　redress　the

injuries　that　may　happen　to　any　member　of　the　commonwealth；　which

judge　is　the　legislative　or　magistrates　appointed　by　it。　And

wherever　there　are　any　number　of　men；　however　associated；　that　have　no

such　decisive　power　to　appeal　to；　there　they　are　still　in　the　state　of

Nature。

　　90。　And　hence　it　is　evident　that　absolute　monarchy；　which　by　some

men　is　counted　for　the　only　government　in　the　world；　is　indeed

inconsistent　with　civil　society；　and　so　can　be　not　form　of　civil

government　at　all。　For　the　end　of　civil