the foundations of personality-第4章
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de the diagnosis； work the great miracle！ Obtain the dried thyroid glands of the sheep； prepared by the great drug houses as a by…product of the butcher business； and feed this poor； transformed creature with these glands！ No fairy waving a magical wand ever worked a greater enchantment； for with the first dose the patient improves and in a relatively short time is restored to normal in skin； hair； sweat； etc。； and MIND and character！ To every physician who has seen this happen under his own eyes and by his direction there comes a conviction that mind and character have their seat in the organic activities of the body；and nowhere else。 An interesting confirmation of this is that when the thyroid is overactive； a condition called hyperthyroidism； the patient becomes very restless and thin； shows excessive emotionality； sleeplessness； has a rapid heart action； tremor and many other signs not necessary to detail here。 The thyroid in these cases is usually swollen。 One of the methods used to treat the disease is to remove some of the gland surgically。 In the early days an operator would occasionally remove too； much gland and then the symptoms； of myxoedema would occur。 This necessitated the artificial feeding of thyroid the rest of the patient's life！ With the proper dosage of the gland substance the patient remains normal； with too little she becomes dull and stupid； with too much she becomes unstable and emotional！ There are plenty of other examples of the influence of the endocrines on mind； character and personality。 I here briefly mention a few of these。 In the disease called acromegaly； which is due to a change in the pituitary gland； amongst other things are noted 〃melancholic tendencies； loss of memory and mental and physical torpor。〃 A very profound effect on character and personality； exclusive of intelligence； is that of the sex glands。 One need not accept the Freudian extravagances regarding the way in which the sex feelings and impulses enter into our thoughts； emotions； purposes and acts。 No unbiased observer of himself or his fellows but knows that the satisfaction or non…satisfaction of the sex feeling； its excitation or its suppression are of great importance in the destinies of character。 Further； man as herdsman and man as tyrant have carried on huge experiments to show how necessary to normal character the sex glands are。 As herdsman he has castrated his male Bos and obtained the ox。 And the ox is the symbol of patience； docility； steady labor； without lust or passion；and the very opposite of his non…castrated brother； the bull。 The bull is the symbol of irritability and unteachableness； who will not be easily yoked or led and who is the incarnation of lust and passion。 One is the male transformed into neuter gender； and the other is rampant with the fierceness of his sex。 Compare the eunuch and the normal man。 If the eunuch state be imposed in infancy； the shape of the body； its hairiness； the quality of the voice and the character are altered in characteristic manner。 The eunuch essentially is neither man nor woman； but a repelling Something intermediate。 Enough has been said to show that mind and character are dependent upon the health of the brain and the glands of the body； that somewhere in the interaction of tissues； in the chemistry of life； arises thought； purpose； emotion； conduct and deed。 But we need not go so far afield as pathology to show this； for common experience demonstrates it as well。
If character is control of emotions； firmness of purpose； cheerfulness of outlook and vigor of thought and memory； then the tired man； worn out by work or a long vigil； is changed in character。 Such a person in the majority of cases is irritable； showing lack of control and emotion； he slackens in his life's purposes； loses cheerfulness and outlook and finds it difficult to concentrate his thoughts or to recall his memories。 Though this change is temporary and disappears with rest； the essential fact is not altered； namely； fatigue alters character。 It is also true that not all persons show this vulnerability to fatigue in equal measure。 For that matter； neither do they show an equal liability to infectious diseases； equal reaction to alcohol or injury。 The feeling of vigor which rest gives changes the expression of personality to a marked degree。 It is true that we are not apt to think of the tired man as changed in character； yet we must admit on reflection that he has undergone transformation。 Even a loaded bowel may； as is well known； alter the reaction to life。 Among men who are coarse in their language there is a salutation more pertinent than elegant that inquires into the state of the bowels。＇1＇ The famous story of Voltaire and the Englishman； in which the sage agreed to suicide because life was not worth living when his digestion was disordered and who broke his agreement when he purged himself； illustrates how closely mood is related to the intestinal tract。 And mood is the background of the psychic life； upon which depends the direction of our thoughts； cheerful or otherwise； the vigor of our will and purpose。 Mood itself arises in part from the influences that stream into the muscles； joints； heart； lungs； liver； spleen； kidneys； digestive tract and all the organs and tissues by way of the afferent nerves （sympathetic and cerebro…spinal）。 Mood is thus in part a reflection of the health and proper working of the organism； it is the most important aspect of the subconsciousness； and upon it rests the structure of character and personality。 ＇1＇ What is called coarse is frequently crudely true。 Thus； in the streets； in the workshops； and where men untrammeled by niceties engage in personalities the one who believes the other to be a 〃crank〃 informs him in crude language that he has intestinal stasis （to put the diagnosis in medical language） and advises him accordingly to 〃take a pill。〃
This does not mean that only the healthy are cheerful； or that the sick are discouraged。 To affirm the dependence of mind upon body is not to deny that one may build up faith； hope； courage； through example and precept； or that one may not inherit a cheerfulness and courage （or the reverse）。 〃There are men；〃 says James； 〃who are born under a cloud。〃 But exceptional individuals aside； the mass of mankind generates its mood either in the tissues of the body or in the circumstances of life。 Children； because they have not built up standards of thought； mood and act； demonstrate in a remarkable manner the dependence of their character upon health。 A child shows the onset of an illness by a complete change in character。 I remember one sociable； amiable lad of two； rich in the curiosity and expanding friendliness of that time of life； who became sick with diphtheria。 All his basic moods became altered； and all his wholesome reactions to life disappeared。 He was cross and contrary； he had no interest in people or in things； he acted very much as do those patients in an insane hospital who suffer from Dementia Praecox。 What is character if it is not interest and curiosity； friendliness and love； obedience and trust； cheerfulness and courage？ Yet a sick child； especially if very young； loses all these and takes on the reverse characters。 The little lad spoken of became 〃himself〃 again when the fever and the pain lifted。 Yet for a long time afterward he showed a greater liability to fear than before； and it was not until six months or more had repaired the more subtle damage to his organism that he became the hardy little adventurer in life that he had been before the illness。 There is plenty of chemical proof of this thesis as here set forth。 Men have from time immemorial put things 〃in their bellies to steal their brains away。〃 The chemical substance known as ethyl alcohol has been an artificial basis of good fellowship the world over； as well as furnishing a very fair share of the tragedy； the misery and the humor of the world。 This is because； when ingested in any amount； its absorption produces changes in the flow of thought； in the attitude toward life； in the mood； the emotions； the purposes； the conduct；in a word； in character。 One sees the austere man； when drunk； become ribald； the repressed； close…fisted become open…mou
