the foundations of personality-第21章

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　or　obsession　of　one　kind　or　other。　I　have　not　attempted　a　detailed　account　of　the　technique　of　free　association；　nor　the　Freudian　account　of　humor；　etc。　There　are　plenty　of　books　on　the　market　written　by　Freud　himself　and　his　followers。　Frankly　I　advise　the　average　person　not　to　read　them。　I　am　opposed　to　the　Freudian　account　of　life　and　character；　though　recognizing　that　he　has　caused　the　psychologist　to　examine　life　with　more　realism；　to　strip　away　pretense；　to　be　familiar　with　the　crude　and　to　examine　conduct　with　the　microscope。　I　do　not　believe　there　is　an　ORGANIZED　subconsciousness；　having　a　PERSONALITY。　Most　of　the　work　which　proves　this　has　been　done　on　hysterics。　Hysterics　are　usually　proficient　liars；　are　very　suggestible　and　quite　apt　to　give　the　examiner　what　he　looks　for；　because　they　seek　his　friendly　interest　and　eager　study。　Wherever　I　have　checked　up　the　〃subconscious〃　facts　as　revealed　by　the　patient　as　a　result　of　his　psychoanalysis　or　through　hypnosis；　I　have　found　but　little　truth。　On　the　other　hand；　the　Freudians　practically　never　check　up　the　statements　of　their　patients；　if　a　woman　tells　all　sorts　of　tales　of　her　husband's　attitude　toward　her；　or　of　the　attitude　of　her　parents；　it　is　taken　for　granted　that　she　tells　the　truth。　My　belief　is　that　had　the　statements　of　Freud's　patients　been　carefully　investigated　he　would　probably　never　have　evolved　his　theories。　The　Freudians　have　made　no　consecutive　study　of　normal　childhood；　though　they　lay　great　stress　on　this　period　of　life　and　in　fact　trace　the　symptoms　of　their　patients　back　to　〃infantile　trauma。〃　Most　of　Freud's　ideas　on　sex　development　can　be　traced　to；　the　one　four…and…a…half…years…old　child　he　analyzed；　who　was　as　representative　of　normal　childhood　as　the　little　chess　champion　of　nine　years　now　astounding　the　world　is　representative　of　the　chess　ability　of　the　average　child。　Moreover；　the　basis　of　the　technique　is　the　free　association；　an　association　released　from　inhibitions　of　all　kinds。　There　isn't　any　such　thing；　as　Professor　Woodworth　has　pointed　out。　All　associations　are　conditioned　by　the　physical　condition　of　the　patient；　by　his　mood；　by　the　nature　of　the　environment　he　finds　himself　in；　by　the　personality　of　the　examiner　and　his　powers　of　suggesting；　his　purposes　and　（very　important）　by　the　patient's　purposes；　which　he　cannot　bid　〃Disappear！〃　As　for　the　results　of　treatment；　every　neurologist　meets　patients　again　and　again　who　have　been　〃psychoanalyzed〃　without　results。　Moreover；　psychoneurotic　patients　get　well　without　treatment；　as　do　all　other　classes　of　the　sick；　and　the　Christian　Scientist；　the　osteopath　and　the　chiropractic　also　have　records　of　〃cures。〃　This　is　not　the　place　to　discuss　in　further　detail　the　Freudian　ideas　（the　wish；　the　symbol；　the　jargon　of　transference；　etc）。　The　leading　follower　of　Freud；　Jung；　has　already　broken　away　from　the　parent　church；　and　there　is　an　amusing　cry　of　heresy　raised。　Soon　the　eminent　Austrian　will　have　the　pleasure　of　seeing　a　half…dozen　schools　that　have　split　off　from　his　own；followers　of　Bleuler；　Jung；　Adler　and　others。　There　IS　a　subconsciousness　in　that　much　of　the　nervous　activity　of　the　organism　has　but　little　or　no　relation　to　consciousness。　There　are　mechanisms　laid　down　by　heredity　and　by　the　racial　structure　that　accomplish　great　functions　without　any　but　the　most　indirect　effect　on　consciousness　and　without　any　control　by　the　conscious　personality。　We　are　spurred　on　to　sex　life；　to　marriage；　to　the　care　of　our　children　by　instinct；　but　the　instinct　is　not　a　personality　any　more　than　the　automatic　heartbeat　is。　We　repress　a　forbidden　desire；　if　we　are　successful　and　really　overcome　the　desire　by　setting　up　new　desires　or　in　some　other　way；　the　inhibited　desire　is　not　locked　up　in　a　subterranean　limbo。　There　is　nothing　pathological　about　inhibition；　for　inhibition　is　as　normal　a　part　of　character　as　desire；　and　the　social　instinct　which　bids　us　inhibit　is　as　fundamental　as　the　sex　instinct。　Most　conflicts　are　on　a　conscious　plane；　but　most　people　will　not　admit　to　any　one　else　their　deeply　abhorrent　desires。　To　all　of　us；　or　nearly　all；　come　desires　and　temptations　that　we　would　not　acknowledge　for　the　world。　If　a　wise　examiner　succeeds　in　getting　us　to　admit　them；　it　is　very　agreeable　to　find　a　scapegoat　in　the　form　of　the　subconsciousness。　I　have　often　said　this　to　students：　if　all　our　thoughts　and　conscious　desires　could　be　exposed；　the　most　of　us　would　almost　die　of　shame。　True；　we　do　not　clearly　understand　ourselves　and　our　conflicts　and　explanation　is　often　necessary；　but　that　is　not　equivalent　to　the　subconsciousness；　it　merely　means　that　introspection　is　not　sagacious。　Nor　is　it　true；　in　my　belief；　that　dreams　are　important　psychical　events；　nor　that　the　subconsciousness　evades　a　censor　in　elaborating　them。　To　what　end　would　that　be　done？　What　would　be　the　use　of　it？　Suppose　that　Freud　and　his　school　had　never　been；　then　dreams　would　always　be　useless；　for　they　would　have　no　interpreter。　Men　have　dreamed　in　the　countless　ages　before　Freud　was　born；in　vain。　Think　how　the　poor；　misguided　subconsciousness　has　labored　for　nothing；and　how　grateful　it　should　be　to　Freud！　Dreams　are　results　and　have　the　same　kind　of　function　that　a　stomach…ache　has。　Things；　experiences　are　forgotten；　and　whether　they　are　remembered　or　not　depends　upon　the　number　of　times　they　are　experienced；　the　attention　they　are　given；　the　use　they　are　put　to　and　the　quality　of　the　brain　experiencing　them。　Disease　and　old　age　may　lower　the　recording　power　of　the　brain　so　that　experiences　and　sensations　do　not　stick；　and　now　and　then　the　brain　is　hypermnesic　so　that　things　are　remembered　with　surprising　ease。　The　conflicts　of　life　are　generally　conscious　conflicts；　in　my　experience。　Desires　and　lusts　that　one　does　not　know　of　do　no　harm；　it　is　the　conflict　which　we　cannot　settle；　the　choice　we　cannot　make；　the　doubt　we　cannot　resolve；　that　injures。　It　is　not　those　who　find　it　easy　to　inhibit　a　desire　or　any　impulse　that　are　troubled；　though　they　may　and　do　grow　narrow。　It　is　those　whose　unlawful　or　discordant　desires　are　not　easily　inhibited　who　find　themselves　the　theater　of　a　constant　struggle　that　breaks　them　down。　The　uneasiness　of　a　desire　that　arises　from　the　activity　of　the　sex　organs　is　not　a　manifestation　of　a　subconscious　personality；　unless　we　include　in　our　personality　our　livers；　spleen　and　internal　organs　of　all　kinds。　Such　an　uneasiness　may　not　be　clearly　understood　by　the　individual　merely　because　the　uneasiness　is　diffuse　and　not　localized。　But　there　is　no　personality；　Do　will；　wish　or　desire　in　that　uneasiness；　it　may　and　does　cause　to　arise　in　the　conscious　personality　wills　and　wishes　and　desires　against　which　there　is　rebellion　and　because　of　which　there　is　conflict。　Upon　the　issue　of　the　conflicts　within　the　personality　hangs　the　fate　of　the　individual。　Race…old　lines　of　conduct　are　inhibited　by　custom；　tradition；　teaching；　conformity　and　the　social　instinct　and　its　allies。　Here　is　a　subject　worthy　of　extended　consideration。　Freud　has　done　the　thought　of　our　times　a　great　service　in　emphasizing　conflict。　From　the　earliest　restriction　laid　by　men　on　his　own　conduct；　wrestling　with　desire　and　temptation　has　been　the　greatest　of　man's　struggles。　Internal　warfare　between　opposing　purposes　and　desires　may　proceed　to　a　disruption　of　the　personality；　to　failure　and　unhappiness；　or　else　to　a　solidified　personality；　efficient；　single…minded　and　successful。　Freud's　work　has　directed　our　attention　to　the　thousand　and　one　aberrant　desires　that　we　will　hardly　acknowledge　to　ourselves；　and　he　has　forced　the　professional　worker　in　abnormal　and　normal　mental　life　to　disregard　his　own　prejudices；　to　strip　away　the　camouflage　that　we　put　over　our　motives　and　our　struggles。　Together　with　Jung　and　Bleuler；　he　has　helped　our　science　of　character　a　great　deal　through　no　other　method　than　by　arousing　it　to　action　against　him。　In　order　to　fight　him；　our　thought　has　been　forced　to　arm　itself　with　the　weapons　that　he　has　used。

CHAPTER　VI。　EMOTION；　INSTINCT；　INTELLIGENCE　AND　WILL　In　a　preceding　chapter　we　discussed　man　as　an　organism　reacting　against　an　outside　world　and　spurred　on　by　internal　activities　and　needs。　We　di