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第7章

alcibiades i-第7章

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SOCRATES:  But can they be said to understand that about which they are

quarrelling to the death?



ALCIBIADES:  Clearly not。



SOCRATES:  And yet those whom you thus allow to be ignorant are the

teachers to whom you are appealing。



ALCIBIADES:  Very true。



SOCRATES:  But how are you ever likely to know the nature of justice and

injustice; about which you are so perplexed; if you have neither learned

them of others nor discovered them yourself?



ALCIBIADES:  From what you say; I suppose not。



SOCRATES:  See; again; how inaccurately you speak; Alcibiades!



ALCIBIADES:  In what respect?



SOCRATES:  In saying that I say so。



ALCIBIADES:  Why; did you not say that I know nothing of the just and

unjust?



SOCRATES:  No; I did not。



ALCIBIADES:  Did I; then?



SOCRATES:  Yes。



ALCIBIADES:  How was that?



SOCRATES:  Let me explain。  Suppose I were to ask you which is the greater

number; two or one; you would reply 'two'?



ALCIBIADES:  I should。



SOCRATES:  And by how much greater?



ALCIBIADES:  By one。



SOCRATES:  Which of us now says that two is more than one?



ALCIBIADES:  I do。



SOCRATES:  Did not I ask; and you answer the question?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  Then who is speaking?  I who put the question; or you who answer

me?



ALCIBIADES:  I am。



SOCRATES:  Or suppose that I ask and you tell me the letters which make up

the name Socrates; which of us is the speaker?



ALCIBIADES:  I am。



SOCRATES:  Now let us put the case generally:  whenever there is a question

and answer; who is the speaker;the questioner or the answerer?



ALCIBIADES:  I should say; Socrates; that the answerer was the speaker。



SOCRATES:  And have I not been the questioner all through?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And you the answerer?



ALCIBIADES:  Just so。



SOCRATES:  Which of us; then; was the speaker?



ALCIBIADES:  The inference is; Socrates; that I was the speaker。



SOCRATES:  Did not some one say that Alcibiades; the fair son of Cleinias;

not understanding about just and unjust; but thinking that he did

understand; was going to the assembly to advise the Athenians about what he

did not know?  Was not that said?



ALCIBIADES:  Very true。



SOCRATES:  Then; Alcibiades; the result may be expressed in the language of

Euripides。  I think that you have heard all this 'from yourself; and not

from me'; nor did I say this; which you erroneously attribute to me; but

you yourself; and what you said was very true。  For indeed; my dear fellow;

the design which you meditate of teaching what you do not know; and have

not taken any pains to learn; is downright insanity。



ALCIBIADES:  But; Socrates; I think that the Athenians and the rest of the

Hellenes do not often advise as to the more just or unjust; for they see no

difficulty in them; and therefore they leave them; and consider which

course of action will be most expedient; for there is a difference between

justice and expediency。  Many persons have done great wrong and profited by

their injustice; others have done rightly and come to no good。



SOCRATES:  Well; but granting that the just and the expedient are ever so

much opposed; you surely do not imagine that you know what is expedient for

mankind; or why a thing is expedient?



ALCIBIADES:  Why not; Socrates?But I am not going to be asked again from

whom I learned; or when I made the discovery。



SOCRATES:  What a way you have!  When you make a mistake which might be

refuted by a previous argument; you insist on having a new and different

refutation; the old argument is a worn…our garment which you will no longer

put on; but some one must produce another which is clean and new。  Now I

shall disregard this move of yours; and shall ask over again;Where did

you learn and how do you know the nature of the expedient; and who is your

teacher?  All this I comprehend in a single question; and now you will

manifestly be in the old difficulty; and will not be able to show that you

know the expedient; either because you learned or because you discovered it

yourself。  But; as I perceive that you are dainty; and dislike the taste of

a stale argument; I will enquire no further into your knowledge of what is

expedient or what is not expedient for the Athenian people; and simply

request you to say why you do not explain whether justice and expediency

are the same or different?  And if you like you may examine me as I have

examined you; or; if you would rather; you may carry on the discussion by

yourself。



ALCIBIADES:  But I am not certain; Socrates; whether I shall be able to

discuss the matter with you。



SOCRATES:  Then imagine; my dear fellow; that I am the demus and the

ecclesia; for in the ecclesia; too; you will have to persuade men

individually。



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And is not the same person able to persuade one individual

singly and many individuals of the things which he knows?  The grammarian;

for example; can persuade one and he can persuade many about letters。



ALCIBIADES:  True。



SOCRATES:  And about number; will not the same person persuade one and

persuade many?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And this will be he who knows number; or the arithmetician?



ALCIBIADES:  Quite true。



SOCRATES:  And cannot you persuade one man about that of which you can

persuade many?



ALCIBIADES:  I suppose so。



SOCRATES:  And that of which you can persuade either is clearly what you

know?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And the only difference between one who argues as we are doing;

and the orator who is addressing an assembly; is that the one seeks to

persuade a number; and the other an individual; of the same things。



ALCIBIADES:  I suppose so。



SOCRATES:  Well; then; since the same person who can persuade a multitude

can persuade individuals; try conclusions upon me; and prove to me that the

just is not always expedient。



ALCIBIADES:  You take liberties; Socrates。



SOCRATES:  I shall take the liberty of proving to you the opposite of that

which you will not prove to me。



ALCIBIADES:  Proceed。



SOCRATES:  Answer my questionsthat is all。



ALCIBIADES:  Nay; I should like you to be the speaker。



SOCRATES:  What; do you not wish to be persuaded?



ALCIBIADES:  Certainly I do。



SOCRATES:  And can you be persuaded better than out of your own mouth?



ALCIBIADES:  I think not。



SOCRATES:  Then you shall answer; and if you do not hear the words; that

the just is the expedient; coming from your own lips; never believe another

man again。



ALCIBIADES:  I won't; but answer I will; for I do not see how I can come to

any harm。



SOCRATES:  A true prophecy!  Let me begin then by enquiring of you whether

you allow that the just is sometimes expedient and sometimes not?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And sometimes honourable and sometimes not?



ALCIBIADES:  What do you mean?



SOCRATES:  I am asking if you ever knew any one who did what was

dishonourable and yet just?



ALCIBIADES:  Never。



SOCRATES:  All just things are honourable?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And are honourable things sometimes good and sometimes not good;

or are they always good?



ALCIBIADES:  I rather think; Socrates; that some honourable things are

evil。



SOCRATES:  And are some dishonourable things good?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  You mean in such a case as the following:In time of war; men

have been wounded or have died in rescuing a companion or kinsman; when

others who have neglected the duty of rescuing them have escaped in safety?



ALCIBIADES:  True。



SOCRATES:  And to rescue another under such circumstances is honourable; in

respect of the attempt to save those whom we ought to save; and this is

courage?



ALCIBIADES:  True。



SOCRATES:

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