alcibiades i-第7章
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SOCRATES: But can they be said to understand that about which they are
quarrelling to the death?
ALCIBIADES: Clearly not。
SOCRATES: And yet those whom you thus allow to be ignorant are the
teachers to whom you are appealing。
ALCIBIADES: Very true。
SOCRATES: But how are you ever likely to know the nature of justice and
injustice; about which you are so perplexed; if you have neither learned
them of others nor discovered them yourself?
ALCIBIADES: From what you say; I suppose not。
SOCRATES: See; again; how inaccurately you speak; Alcibiades!
ALCIBIADES: In what respect?
SOCRATES: In saying that I say so。
ALCIBIADES: Why; did you not say that I know nothing of the just and
unjust?
SOCRATES: No; I did not。
ALCIBIADES: Did I; then?
SOCRATES: Yes。
ALCIBIADES: How was that?
SOCRATES: Let me explain。 Suppose I were to ask you which is the greater
number; two or one; you would reply 'two'?
ALCIBIADES: I should。
SOCRATES: And by how much greater?
ALCIBIADES: By one。
SOCRATES: Which of us now says that two is more than one?
ALCIBIADES: I do。
SOCRATES: Did not I ask; and you answer the question?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: Then who is speaking? I who put the question; or you who answer
me?
ALCIBIADES: I am。
SOCRATES: Or suppose that I ask and you tell me the letters which make up
the name Socrates; which of us is the speaker?
ALCIBIADES: I am。
SOCRATES: Now let us put the case generally: whenever there is a question
and answer; who is the speaker;the questioner or the answerer?
ALCIBIADES: I should say; Socrates; that the answerer was the speaker。
SOCRATES: And have I not been the questioner all through?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: And you the answerer?
ALCIBIADES: Just so。
SOCRATES: Which of us; then; was the speaker?
ALCIBIADES: The inference is; Socrates; that I was the speaker。
SOCRATES: Did not some one say that Alcibiades; the fair son of Cleinias;
not understanding about just and unjust; but thinking that he did
understand; was going to the assembly to advise the Athenians about what he
did not know? Was not that said?
ALCIBIADES: Very true。
SOCRATES: Then; Alcibiades; the result may be expressed in the language of
Euripides。 I think that you have heard all this 'from yourself; and not
from me'; nor did I say this; which you erroneously attribute to me; but
you yourself; and what you said was very true。 For indeed; my dear fellow;
the design which you meditate of teaching what you do not know; and have
not taken any pains to learn; is downright insanity。
ALCIBIADES: But; Socrates; I think that the Athenians and the rest of the
Hellenes do not often advise as to the more just or unjust; for they see no
difficulty in them; and therefore they leave them; and consider which
course of action will be most expedient; for there is a difference between
justice and expediency。 Many persons have done great wrong and profited by
their injustice; others have done rightly and come to no good。
SOCRATES: Well; but granting that the just and the expedient are ever so
much opposed; you surely do not imagine that you know what is expedient for
mankind; or why a thing is expedient?
ALCIBIADES: Why not; Socrates?But I am not going to be asked again from
whom I learned; or when I made the discovery。
SOCRATES: What a way you have! When you make a mistake which might be
refuted by a previous argument; you insist on having a new and different
refutation; the old argument is a worn…our garment which you will no longer
put on; but some one must produce another which is clean and new。 Now I
shall disregard this move of yours; and shall ask over again;Where did
you learn and how do you know the nature of the expedient; and who is your
teacher? All this I comprehend in a single question; and now you will
manifestly be in the old difficulty; and will not be able to show that you
know the expedient; either because you learned or because you discovered it
yourself。 But; as I perceive that you are dainty; and dislike the taste of
a stale argument; I will enquire no further into your knowledge of what is
expedient or what is not expedient for the Athenian people; and simply
request you to say why you do not explain whether justice and expediency
are the same or different? And if you like you may examine me as I have
examined you; or; if you would rather; you may carry on the discussion by
yourself。
ALCIBIADES: But I am not certain; Socrates; whether I shall be able to
discuss the matter with you。
SOCRATES: Then imagine; my dear fellow; that I am the demus and the
ecclesia; for in the ecclesia; too; you will have to persuade men
individually。
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: And is not the same person able to persuade one individual
singly and many individuals of the things which he knows? The grammarian;
for example; can persuade one and he can persuade many about letters。
ALCIBIADES: True。
SOCRATES: And about number; will not the same person persuade one and
persuade many?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: And this will be he who knows number; or the arithmetician?
ALCIBIADES: Quite true。
SOCRATES: And cannot you persuade one man about that of which you can
persuade many?
ALCIBIADES: I suppose so。
SOCRATES: And that of which you can persuade either is clearly what you
know?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: And the only difference between one who argues as we are doing;
and the orator who is addressing an assembly; is that the one seeks to
persuade a number; and the other an individual; of the same things。
ALCIBIADES: I suppose so。
SOCRATES: Well; then; since the same person who can persuade a multitude
can persuade individuals; try conclusions upon me; and prove to me that the
just is not always expedient。
ALCIBIADES: You take liberties; Socrates。
SOCRATES: I shall take the liberty of proving to you the opposite of that
which you will not prove to me。
ALCIBIADES: Proceed。
SOCRATES: Answer my questionsthat is all。
ALCIBIADES: Nay; I should like you to be the speaker。
SOCRATES: What; do you not wish to be persuaded?
ALCIBIADES: Certainly I do。
SOCRATES: And can you be persuaded better than out of your own mouth?
ALCIBIADES: I think not。
SOCRATES: Then you shall answer; and if you do not hear the words; that
the just is the expedient; coming from your own lips; never believe another
man again。
ALCIBIADES: I won't; but answer I will; for I do not see how I can come to
any harm。
SOCRATES: A true prophecy! Let me begin then by enquiring of you whether
you allow that the just is sometimes expedient and sometimes not?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: And sometimes honourable and sometimes not?
ALCIBIADES: What do you mean?
SOCRATES: I am asking if you ever knew any one who did what was
dishonourable and yet just?
ALCIBIADES: Never。
SOCRATES: All just things are honourable?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: And are honourable things sometimes good and sometimes not good;
or are they always good?
ALCIBIADES: I rather think; Socrates; that some honourable things are
evil。
SOCRATES: And are some dishonourable things good?
ALCIBIADES: Yes。
SOCRATES: You mean in such a case as the following:In time of war; men
have been wounded or have died in rescuing a companion or kinsman; when
others who have neglected the duty of rescuing them have escaped in safety?
ALCIBIADES: True。
SOCRATES: And to rescue another under such circumstances is honourable; in
respect of the attempt to save those whom we ought to save; and this is
courage?
ALCIBIADES: True。
SOCRATES: