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С˵£º the circulation of the blood ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

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suspicion¡¡that¡¡a¡¡single¡¡drop¡¡of¡¡blood£»¡¡starting¡¡in¡¡the¡¡left¡¡ventricle
of¡¡the¡¡heart£»¡¡passes¡¡through¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡arterial¡¡system£»¡¡comes¡¡back
through¡¡the¡¡venous¡¡system£»¡¡goes¡¡through¡¡the¡¡lungs£»¡¡and¡¡comes¡¡back¡¡to
the¡¡place¡¡whence¡¡it¡¡started¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡that¡¡is¡¡the¡¡circulation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡blood£»
and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡exactly¡¡this¡¡which¡¡Harvey¡¡was¡¡the¡¡first¡¡man¡¡to¡¡suspect£»¡¡to
discover£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡demonstrate¡£

But¡¡this¡¡was¡¡by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡the¡¡only¡¡thing¡¡Harvey¡¡did¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡was¡¡the¡¡first
who¡¡discovered¡¡and¡¡who¡¡demonstrated¡¡the¡¡true¡¡mechanism¡¡of¡¡the¡¡heart's
action¡£¡¡¡¡No¡¡one£»¡¡before¡¡his¡¡time£»¡¡conceived¡¡that¡¡the¡¡movement¡¡of¡¡the
blood¡¡was¡¡entirely¡¡due¡¡to¡¡the¡¡mechanical¡¡action¡¡of¡¡the¡¡heart¡¡as¡¡a
pump¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡were¡¡all¡¡sorts¡¡of¡¡speculations¡¡about¡¡the¡¡matter£»¡¡but¡¡nobody
had¡¡formed¡¡this¡¡conception£»¡¡and¡¡nobody¡¡understood¡¡that¡¡the¡¡so¡­called
systole¡¡of¡¡the¡¡heart¡¡is¡¡a¡¡state¡¡of¡¡active¡¡contraction£»¡¡and¡¡the
so¡­called¡¡diastole¡¡is¡¡a¡¡mere¡¡passive¡¡dilatation¡£¡¡¡¡Even¡¡within¡¡our¡¡own
age¡¡that¡¡matter¡¡had¡¡been¡¡discussed¡£¡¡¡¡Harvey¡¡is¡¡as¡¡clear¡¡as¡¡possible
about¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡says¡¡the¡¡movement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡blood¡¡is¡¡entirely¡¡due¡¡to¡¡the
contractions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡walls¡¡of¡¡the¡¡heartthat¡¡it¡¡is¡¡the¡¡propelling
apparatusand¡¡all¡¡recent¡¡investigation¡¡tends¡¡to¡¡show¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was
perfectly¡¡right¡£¡¡And¡¡from¡¡this¡¡followed¡¡the¡¡true¡¡theory¡¡of¡¡the¡¡pulse¡£
Galen¡¡said£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡pointed¡¡out¡¡just¡¡now£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡arteries¡¡dilate¡¡as
bellows£»¡¡which¡¡have¡¡an¡¡active¡¡power¡¡of¡¡dilatation¡¡and¡¡contraction£»¡¡and
not¡¡as¡¡bags¡¡which¡¡are¡¡blown¡¡out¡¡and¡¡collapse¡£¡¡¡¡Harvey¡¡said¡¡it¡¡was
exactly¡¡the¡¡contrarythe¡¡arteries¡¡dilate¡¡as¡¡bags¡¡simply¡¡because¡¡the
stroke¡¡of¡¡the¡¡heart¡¡propels¡¡the¡¡blood¡¡into¡¡them£»¡¡and£»¡¡when¡¡they¡¡relax
again£»¡¡they¡¡relax¡¡as¡¡bags¡¡which¡¡are¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡stretched£»¡¡simply¡¡because
the¡¡force¡¡of¡¡the¡¡blow¡¡of¡¡the¡¡heart¡¡is¡¡spent¡£¡¡¡¡Harvey¡¡has¡¡been
demonstrated¡¡to¡¡be¡¡absolutely¡¡right¡¡in¡¡this¡¡statement¡¡of¡¡his£»¡¡and¡¡yet£»
so¡¡slow¡¡is¡¡the¡¡progress¡¡of¡¡truth£»¡¡that£»¡¡within¡¡my¡¡time£»¡¡the¡¡question¡¡of
the¡¡active¡¡dilatation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡arteries¡¡has¡¡been¡¡discussed¡£

Thus¡¡Harvey's¡¡contributions¡¡to¡¡physiology¡¡may¡¡be¡¡summed¡¡up¡¡as¡¡follows£º
In¡¡the¡¡first¡¡place£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡the¡¡first¡¡person¡¡who¡¡ever¡¡imagined£»¡¡and
still¡¡more¡¡who¡¡demonstrated£»¡¡the¡¡true¡¡course¡¡of¡¡the¡¡circulation¡¡of¡¡the
blood¡¡in¡¡the¡¡body£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡second¡¡place£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡the¡¡first¡¡person¡¡who
ever¡¡understood¡¡the¡¡mechanism¡¡of¡¡the¡¡heart£»¡¡and¡¡comprehended¡¡that¡¡its
contraction¡¡was¡¡the¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡the¡¡motion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡blood£»¡¡and¡¡thirdly£»¡¡he
was¡¡the¡¡first¡¡person¡¡who¡¡took¡¡a¡¡just¡¡view¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡pulse¡£
These¡¡are¡¡the¡¡three¡¡great¡¡contributions¡¡which¡¡he¡¡made¡¡to¡¡the¡¡science¡¡of
physiology£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡not¡¡err¡¡in¡¡sayingI¡¡speak¡¡in¡¡the¡¡presence¡¡of
distinguished¡¡physiologists£»¡¡but¡¡I¡¡am¡¡perfectly¡¡certain¡¡that¡¡they¡¡will
endorse¡¡what¡¡I¡¡saythat¡¡upon¡¡that¡¡foundation¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡our
knowledge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡human¡¡body£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡exception¡¡of¡¡the¡¡motor¡¡apparatus
and¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡organs£»¡¡has¡¡been¡¡gradually¡¡built¡¡up£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡upon¡¡that
foundation¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡rests¡£¡¡¡¡And¡¡not¡¡only¡¡does¡¡scientific¡¡physiology
rest¡¡upon¡¡it£»¡¡but¡¡everything¡¡like¡¡scientific¡¡medicine¡¡also¡¡rests¡¡upon
it¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡you¡¡knowI¡¡hope¡¡it¡¡is¡¡now¡¡a¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡popular¡¡knowledgeit¡¡is
the¡¡foundation¡¡of¡¡all¡¡rational¡¡speculation¡¡about¡¡morbid¡¡processes£»¡¡it
is¡¡the¡¡only¡¡key¡¡to¡¡the¡¡rational¡¡interpretation¡¡of¡¡that¡¡commonest¡¡of¡¡all
indications¡¡of¡¡disease£»¡¡the¡¡state¡¡of¡¡the¡¡pulse£»¡¡so¡¡that£»¡¡both
theoretically¡¡and¡¡practically£»¡¡this¡¡discovery£»¡¡this¡¡demonstration¡¡of
Harvey's£»¡¡has¡¡had¡¡an¡¡effect¡¡which¡¡is¡¡absolutely¡¡incalculable£»¡¡and¡¡the
consequences¡¡of¡¡which¡¡will¡¡accumulate¡¡from¡¡age¡¡to¡¡age¡¡until¡¡they¡¡result
in¡¡a¡¡complete¡¡body¡¡of¡¡physiological¡¡science¡£

Fig¡£5¡£The¡¡junction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡arteries¡¡and¡¡veins¡¡by¡¡capillary¡¡tubes£»
discovered¡¡by¡¡Malpighi¡¡£¨A¡£D¡£¡¡¡¡1664£©¡£

I¡¡regret¡¡that¡¡I¡¡am¡¡unable¡¡to¡¡pursue¡¡this¡¡subject¡¡much¡¡further£»¡¡but¡¡there
is¡¡one¡¡point¡¡I¡¡should¡¡mention¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡Harvey's¡¡time£»¡¡the¡¡microscope¡¡was
hardly¡¡invented¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡quite¡¡true¡¡that¡¡in¡¡some¡¡of¡¡his¡¡embryological
researches¡¡he¡¡speaks¡¡of¡¡having¡¡made¡¡use¡¡of¡¡a¡¡hand¡¡glass£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡was
the¡¡most¡¡that¡¡he¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡known¡¡anything¡¡about£»¡¡or¡¡that¡¡was
accessible¡¡to¡¡him¡¡at¡¡that¡¡day¡£¡¡And¡¡so¡¡it¡¡came¡¡about£»¡¡that£»¡¡although¡¡he
examined¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡the¡¡blood¡¡in¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lower¡¡animalswatched
the¡¡pulsation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡heart¡¡in¡¡shrimps£»¡¡and¡¡animals¡¡of¡¡that¡¡kindhe
never¡¡could¡¡put¡¡the¡¡final¡¡coping¡­stone¡¡on¡¡his¡¡edifice¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡did¡¡not¡¡know
to¡¡the¡¡day¡¡of¡¡his¡¡death£»¡¡although¡¡quite¡¡clear¡¡about¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡the
arteries¡¡and¡¡the¡¡veins¡¡do¡¡communicate£»¡¡how¡¡it¡¡is¡¡that¡¡they
communicatehow¡¡it¡¡was¡¡that¡¡the¡¡blood¡¡of¡¡the¡¡arteries¡¡passed¡¡into¡¡the
veins¡£¡¡¡¡One¡¡is¡¡grieved¡¡to¡¡think¡¡that¡¡the¡¡grand¡¡old¡¡man¡¡should¡¡have¡¡gone
down¡¡to¡¡his¡¡tomb¡¡without¡¡the¡¡vast¡¡satisfaction¡¡it¡¡would¡¡have¡¡given¡¡to
him¡¡to¡¡see¡¡what¡¡the¡¡Italian¡¡naturalist¡¡Malpighi¡¡showed¡¡only¡¡seven¡¡years
later£»¡¡in¡¡1664£»¡¡when¡¡he¡¡demonstrated£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡living¡¡frog£»¡¡the¡¡actual
passage¡¡of¡¡the¡¡blood¡¡from¡¡the¡¡ultimate¡¡ramifications¡¡of¡¡the¡¡arteries
into¡¡the¡¡veins¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡that¡¡absolute¡¡ocular¡¡demonstration¡¡of¡¡the¡¡truth¡¡of
the¡¡views¡¡he¡¡had¡¡maintained¡¡throughout¡¡his¡¡life¡¡it¡¡was¡¡not¡¡granted¡¡to
Harvey¡¡to¡¡see¡£¡¡¡¡What¡¡he¡¡did¡¡experience¡¡was¡¡this£º¡¡¡¡that¡¡on¡¡the
publication¡¡of¡¡his¡¡doctrines£»¡¡they¡¡were¡¡met¡¡with¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡possible
opposition£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡have¡¡no¡¡doubt¡¡savage¡¡things¡¡were¡¡uttered¡¡in¡¡those¡¡old
controversies£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡a¡¡great¡¡many¡¡people¡¡said¡¡that¡¡these¡¡new¡­fangled
doctrines£»¡¡reducing¡¡living¡¡processes¡¡to¡¡mere¡¡mechanism£»¡¡would¡¡sap¡¡the
foundations¡¡of¡¡religion¡¡and¡¡morality¡£¡¡¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡know¡¡for¡¡certain¡¡that
they¡¡did£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡said¡¡things¡¡very¡¡like¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡first¡¡point¡¡was¡¡to
show¡¡that¡¡Harvey's¡¡views¡¡were¡¡absolutely¡¡untrue£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡being¡¡able¡¡to
succeed¡¡in¡¡that£»¡¡opponents¡¡said¡¡they¡¡were¡¡not¡¡new£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡being¡¡able
to¡¡succeed¡¡in¡¡that£»¡¡that¡¡they¡¡didn't¡¡matter¡£¡¡¡¡That¡¡is¡¡the¡¡usual¡¡course
with¡¡all¡¡new¡¡discoveries¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡Harvey¡¡troubled¡¡himself¡¡very¡¡little
about¡¡these¡¡things¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡remained¡¡perfectly¡¡quiet£»¡¡for¡¡although¡¡reputed
a¡¡hot¡­tempered¡¡man£»¡¡he¡¡never¡¡would¡¡have¡¡anything¡¡to¡¡do¡¡with¡¡controversy
if¡¡he¡¡could¡¡help¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡only¡¡replied¡¡to¡¡one¡¡of¡¡his¡¡antagonists
after¡¡twenty¡¡years'¡¡interval£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡in¡¡the¡¡most¡¡charming¡¡spirit¡¡of
candour¡¡and¡¡moderation¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡he¡¡had¡¡the¡¡great¡¡satisfaction¡¡of¡¡living¡¡to
see¡¡his¡¡doctrine¡¡accepted¡¡upon¡¡all¡¡sides¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡his¡¡death£»
there¡¡was¡¡not¡¡an¡¡anatomical¡¡school¡¡in¡¡Europe¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡doctrine¡¡of
the¡¡circulation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡blood¡¡was¡¡not¡¡taught¡¡in¡¡the¡¡way¡¡in¡¡which¡¡Harvey
had¡¡laid¡¡it¡¡down¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡that¡¡respect¡¡he¡¡had¡¡a¡¡happiness¡¡which¡¡is¡¡granted
to¡¡very¡¡few¡¡men¡£

I¡¡have¡¡said¡¡that¡¡the¡¡other¡¡great¡¡investigation¡¡of¡¡Harvey¡¡is¡¡not¡¡one
which¡¡can¡¡be¡¡dealt¡¡with¡¡to¡¡a¡¡general¡¡audience¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡very¡¡complex£»¡¡and
therefore¡¡I¡¡must¡¡ask¡¡you¡¡to¡¡take¡¡my¡¡word¡¡for¡¡it¡¡that£»¡¡although¡¡not¡¡so
fortunate¡¡an¡¡investigation£»¡¡not¡¡so¡¡entirely¡¡accordant¡¡with¡¡later¡¡results
as¡¡the¡¡doctrine¡¡of¡¡the¡¡circulation£»¡¡yet¡¡that¡¡still£»¡¡this¡¡little
treatise¡¡of¡¡Harvey's¡¡has¡¡in¡¡many¡¡directions¡¡exerted¡¡an¡¡influence¡¡hardly
less¡¡remarkable¡¡than¡¡that¡¡exerted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Essay¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡Circulation¡¡of
the¡¡Blood¡£

And¡¡now¡¡let¡¡me¡¡ask¡¡your¡¡attention¡¡to¡¡two¡¡or¡¡three¡¡closing¡¡remarks¡£

If¡¡you¡¡look¡¡back¡¡upon¡¡that¡¡period¡¡of¡¡about¡¡100¡¡years¡¡which¡¡commences
with¡¡Harvey's¡¡birthI¡¡mean¡¡from¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1578¡¡to¡¡1680¡¡or
thereaboutsI¡¡think¡¡you¡¡will¡¡agree¡¡with¡¡me£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡constitutes¡¡one¡¡of
the¡¡most¡¡remarkable¡¡epochs¡¡in¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡that¡¡thousand¡¡years¡¡which¡¡we
may¡¡roughly¡¡reckon¡¡as¡¡constituting¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡Britain¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡the
commencement¡¡of¡¡that¡¡period£»¡¡we¡¡may¡¡see£»¡¡if¡¡not¡¡the¡¡setting£»¡¡at¡¡any
rate¡¡the¡¡declension¡¡of¡¡that¡¡system¡¡of¡¡personal¡¡rule¡¡which¡¡had¡¡existed
under¡¡previous¡¡sovereigns£»¡¡and¡¡which£»¡¡after¡¡a¡¡brief¡¡and¡¡spasmodic
revival¡¡in¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡George¡¡the¡¡Third£»¡¡has¡¡now¡¡sunk£»¡¡let¡¡us¡¡hope£»
into¡¡the¡¡limbo¡¡of¡¡forgotten¡¡things¡£¡¡The¡¡latter¡¡part¡¡of¡¡that¡¡100¡¡years
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strangest¡¡phenomena¡¡which¡¡I¡¡think¡¡I¡¡may¡¡say¡¡any¡¡nation¡¡has¡¡ever
manifested¡¡arose¡¡to¡¡its¡¡height¡¡and¡¡fellI¡¡mean¡¡that¡¡strange¡¡and
altogether¡¡marvellous¡¡phenomenon£»¡¡English¡¡Puritanism¡£¡¡¡¡Within¡¡that
time£»¡¡England¡¡had¡¡to¡¡show¡¡statesmen¡¡like¡¡Burleigh£»¡¡Strafford£»¡¡and
CromwellI¡¡mean¡¡men¡¡who¡¡were¡¡real¡¡statesmen£»¡¡and¡¡not

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